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good morning nai

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before i introduce

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our speaker today i want to make a

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couple of announcements one is that we

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were just notified yesterday that the

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nasa astrobiology program website

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at

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astrobiology.nasa.gov is one of 11 webby

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honorees this year in the category of

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science websites

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and we are in such good company uh as

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the california academy of sciences and

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technology review and seed magazine

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so we are really really thrilled this

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website was created by the i.t staff

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excuse me here at nai central

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and so we're really thrilled with all of

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this

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uh and if you haven't checked out the

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astrobiology program website i really

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encourage you to do so we put a lot of

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effort and love and energy into it uh

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and i think it's really a great resource

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astrobiology.nasa.gov

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and then it has links to nai to the exo

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program to a step in a stead and of

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course i'd particularly call your

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attention to the nai portion of the site

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but we're really really happy that the

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site provides access to information and

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the highlights

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of the entire astrobiology program

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the other thing i want to mention again

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i mentioned it at the monday seminar

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is that we have extended the deadline

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for applications from graduate students

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and postdocs to attend the annual summer

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school that we run in spain in a

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beautiful castle on the cantabrian coast

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uh with our spanish partner the centro

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de astro biologia so i encourage

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graduate students and postdocs who would

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be interested in participating to get

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applications in the application process

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is on our website and bruce

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is the person who's actually managing

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this for nai the topic this year is

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extremophiles and extraterrestrial

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habitability and the us speakers are

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going to be john barros from the

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university of washington and mike

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madigan

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from uh

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university of southern illinois at

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carbondale and you probably know that

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mike is the chief

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author editor now of the continuing

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series of brock microbiology

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the european speakers are going to

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include ricardo emiles and david

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guilicinski so i think it's going to be

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a really really good week and we'd like

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to see a

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really robust set of applicants

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okay

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so uh without further ado i would like

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to introduce somebody who needs no

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introduction in this community but i'll

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introduce them anyway uh that's dr mike

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mumma the pi of the goddard space flight

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center team

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mike got his bachelor's in physics from

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franklin and marshall college and his

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phd in physics from the university of

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pittsburgh

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and he has been at goddard space flight

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center

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for most of his career but i see there

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is an affiliation with penn state in

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there

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so uh mike that was something i didn't

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know about you and uh without further

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ado i will turn it over to you

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thanks very much carl uh let me get

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right on first of all uh for those of

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you who haven't finished your income tax

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return you have three hours or whatever

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i guess until midnight

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so i'll try to keep this seminar to no

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more than 50 minutes in honor of that

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obligation

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okay so uh first of all let's get right

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on to it a few general overview slides

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this is what we're all after in the ni

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it's not a trivial question regarding

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the delivery of water to earth

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because as you know the the earth as we

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know it today is the product of a

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collision with a mars-sized proto-planet

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somewhere on the order of 50 to 100

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million years after the proto-earth was

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formed

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the debris accumulated the earth moon

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system and

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the earth at that time was covered by a

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magma ocean which would of course uh

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have lost whatever primordial atmosphere

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and oceans it might have been endowed

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with

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uh and so a new one had to be delivered

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now whether some of that came from

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inside the earth to continue outgassing

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or

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most of it came

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by exogenous delivery is one of the key

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issues that we're interested in and

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along with that water came a rich array

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of organics prebiotic organics uh which

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is one of the key key themes of our team

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really what we do starts with the

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overall cycle of material

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beginning with

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the diffuse interstellar medium going on

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towards the collapse of accumulation

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collapse of dense interstellar dust

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clouds

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which are rich in molecular chemistry

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and also in

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dust grains themselves

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the formation of young stars and

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planetary systems from those treating

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grains

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uh and then on towards

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all planets

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of course our solar system

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is the paradigm for the others

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uh

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we're interested in first the processes

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that affect ices and dust and

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protoplanetary disks there's this little

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cartoon

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sketches a disc in cross section

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various processes that affect the

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chemistry are indicated here i should

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comment that in recent years x-ray

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processing has emerged as a very

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important

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new

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mechanism for

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producing uh

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ion molecule chemistry in regions that

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uv cannot well penetrate

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and so this has become very uh very

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important understanding the gradients in

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chemistry and so on

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both with distance above the mid plane

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and also with distant from the young sun

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of course there's a good deal of

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accumulation going on as these discs

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evolve and ultimately

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much of that material is delivered to

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the earth and other terrestrial planets

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in the form of

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meteorites asteroid fragments and even

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the nuclei of comets or comet dust

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uh so this is another

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thing

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about that in a minute

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and finally one of the issues uh that

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helps us to distinguish

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uh what the gradient of organic

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chemistry really was in material in our

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early early

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early phase of our solar system

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is the actual uh isotopic ratio there's

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a topologies of water

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uh in particular in the icy bodies or a

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molecular hydrogen in the gas giants

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as a function of distance from the young

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sun we think that near the

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in the terrestrial planets region uh

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water that was formed there and react in

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the gas phase should have very low doh

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probably in equilibrium with nebular

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hydrogen

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uh or about uh eight times smaller than

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terrestrial oceans

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uh and then uh water that was a legacy

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ice from the interstellar cloud core

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should have a much higher uh deuterium

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content probably a factor of two or

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three times higher than that in earth's

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oceans today

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so all these are keys that we're uh

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following and trying to get some clues

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into what really happened of course this

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will take at least two more renewals in

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the nai before we'll have definitive

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answers

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so uh these uh were divided essentially

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into three uh scientific themes

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uh and i'm actually gonna uh introduce

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theme two first which is uh the first

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phase that

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happens namely the

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material in

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dense cloud cores and uh discs

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and then go on from there to

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understanding the uh

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the truths that we can sample in terms

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of commentary bodies um meteoro

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meteorites and lunar uh rushes

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and then finally uh end up with theme

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four which is uh

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i'm sorry theme three is the laboratory

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processing of astrophysical lice analogs

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and so on for comparing the chemistry on

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them

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uh to clarify processes that actually

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moderating the chemistry of ices on the

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way from the interstellar

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dense cloud core to the cometary bodies

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and finally wrap up with some discussion

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of advanced

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methodologies being developed for

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in-situ analysis

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of complex organic organics in the solar

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system

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now this is a uh a bit

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of a revised map of our

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the co-investigators in topical areas

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before i had organized this according to

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institution

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but it makes far more sense to do so by

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the topical area

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beginning at the top left we go around

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in a clockwise sense essentially

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uh we'll talk first about the ism the

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nato cloud core discs in blue are the

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names of the co-eyes who are at

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universities in the red uh are all at

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goddard

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um but you'll notice uh as you go along

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here we've got uh

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work on dynamical sculpting uh hal

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levison sweary is one of the presenters

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of the niece model

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commentary composition is heavily uh

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centered here in maryland with a little

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compliment from bill ervine

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at umass he gets us into the

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large millimeter telescope in mexico and

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that becomes fully operational

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and so on

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uh lab work meteoritics and natural

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samples as we call them is under the

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direction of jason dworkin in his lab

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lunar samples with rich walker and so

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forth cosmic ice lab with marla moore

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reggie hudson dust lab mars biomarkers

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exoplanets and finally

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onto instrumental techniques and then

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wrapping it all

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together and

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and representing us to the outside world

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as our epo

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lead who is uh cynthia chung a phd uh

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scientist

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so i'll uh just uh

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mention a few highlights uh in this

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overview uh it is my intent not to

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overwhelm people who are not in the

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specific uh fields that our team works

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but uh

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uh to present to you just a uh a glimpse

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of what's going on with hopefully

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something you can

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grasp and appreciate and uh perhaps even

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uh become involved in later on so

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interested

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so first let's look at some of the

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things we're doing in the way of

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interstellar molecules

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uh this is work being done and led by

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jeff blake at cal tech

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who's been a member of our team since

287
00:10:37,990 --> 00:10:35,120
the beginning

288
00:10:39,910 --> 00:10:38,000
uh abbey mandel uh is working uh

289
00:10:42,230 --> 00:10:39,920
intensely with jeff and we're also tied

290
00:10:43,590 --> 00:10:42,240
in with avina vendashoka uh and her

291
00:10:46,790 --> 00:10:43,600
collaborators

292
00:10:48,949 --> 00:10:46,800
clasp on topic don and so on we use uh

293
00:10:51,030 --> 00:10:48,959
jeff uses uh spitzer and keck and we're

294
00:10:53,670 --> 00:10:51,040
now using uh ground-based well he's been

295
00:10:55,350 --> 00:10:53,680
using nurse pack at keck for a long time

296
00:10:57,350 --> 00:10:55,360
and also uh

297
00:10:59,190 --> 00:10:57,360
using the vlt a high resolution

298
00:11:02,150 --> 00:10:59,200
spectrometer

299
00:11:04,230 --> 00:11:02,160
at the very large telescope called the

300
00:11:06,230 --> 00:11:04,240
spectrometer is called crirez

301
00:11:08,069 --> 00:11:06,240
so on the top left here you just see a

302
00:11:10,470 --> 00:11:08,079
typical spectrum this is in the 14

303
00:11:13,430 --> 00:11:10,480
micron spectral range of acetylene

304
00:11:15,350 --> 00:11:13,440
hydrogen cyanide and co2

305
00:11:17,670 --> 00:11:15,360
in the disc around the young star

306
00:11:19,750 --> 00:11:17,680
and from this you can obtain a lot of

307
00:11:22,069 --> 00:11:19,760
information about the physics of the

308
00:11:24,550 --> 00:11:22,079
medium the chemistry of the media and so

309
00:11:26,069 --> 00:11:24,560
forth and so on

310
00:11:28,150 --> 00:11:26,079
uh here's an example of some of the work

311
00:11:30,310 --> 00:11:28,160
being done on the ground and the

312
00:11:32,310 --> 00:11:30,320
takeaway message here is that from the

313
00:11:33,910 --> 00:11:32,320
ground you can actually detect water

314
00:11:36,389 --> 00:11:33,920
vapor

315
00:11:38,550 --> 00:11:36,399
at a relatively high temperature 800

316
00:11:40,710 --> 00:11:38,560
kelvin in the disks

317
00:11:42,389 --> 00:11:40,720
near these young stars

318
00:11:44,870 --> 00:11:42,399
this particularly happens to be a low

319
00:11:47,670 --> 00:11:44,880
mass star relatively young than the

320
00:11:49,430 --> 00:11:47,680
first million years of its life but uh

321
00:11:50,870 --> 00:11:49,440
this way you could really uh see an

322
00:11:51,910 --> 00:11:50,880
awful lot of

323
00:11:53,190 --> 00:11:51,920
uh

324
00:11:55,269 --> 00:11:53,200
material

325
00:11:56,630 --> 00:11:55,279
uh and the chemistry of physics that's

326
00:11:58,470 --> 00:11:56,640
going on

327
00:12:00,630 --> 00:11:58,480
now there's an issue as to how far one

328
00:12:01,750 --> 00:12:00,640
can push this from the ground

329
00:12:04,470 --> 00:12:01,760
and we know

330
00:12:07,750 --> 00:12:04,480
that we'll ultimately need a space

331
00:12:08,870 --> 00:12:07,760
observatory to do this in its fullest

332
00:12:10,949 --> 00:12:08,880
fruition

333
00:12:14,150 --> 00:12:10,959
but uh here you can see uh that on the

334
00:12:16,949 --> 00:12:14,160
lower right uh avi's extraction avi

335
00:12:18,470 --> 00:12:16,959
mandel's extraction of uh the o h

336
00:12:21,509 --> 00:12:18,480
emission uh

337
00:12:22,470 --> 00:12:21,519
from a the disc around a uh per big a b

338
00:12:24,629 --> 00:12:22,480
star

339
00:12:28,150 --> 00:12:24,639
is shown he's actually pioneered a way

340
00:12:29,750 --> 00:12:28,160
of uh extracting these weak emission

341
00:12:32,069 --> 00:12:29,760
signals in the presence of the strong

342
00:12:33,829 --> 00:12:32,079
stellar continuum and is getting signal

343
00:12:36,310 --> 00:12:33,839
to noise ratios on the order of two

344
00:12:37,910 --> 00:12:36,320
thousand to one on the stellar continuum

345
00:12:40,230 --> 00:12:37,920
and this is actually i think the best

346
00:12:42,710 --> 00:12:40,240
that uh has been done so far

347
00:12:44,629 --> 00:12:42,720
uh using uh nurse beckett keck or deed

348
00:12:46,470 --> 00:12:44,639
from any ground-based system

349
00:12:48,470 --> 00:12:46,480
so this is actually

350
00:12:50,069 --> 00:12:48,480
going on now towards searches for

351
00:12:52,470 --> 00:12:50,079
methane and other more interesting

352
00:12:55,910 --> 00:12:52,480
organic molecules than just oh

353
00:12:58,150 --> 00:12:55,920
but you can see where this is going

354
00:13:00,310 --> 00:12:58,160
i'll skip this one

355
00:13:03,110 --> 00:13:00,320
going on towards another element of our

356
00:13:06,310 --> 00:13:03,120
team uh we have carol grady mark

357
00:13:09,110 --> 00:13:06,320
kutchner and aki roberts who are another

358
00:13:11,430 --> 00:13:09,120
organizational unit here at goddard uh

359
00:13:13,430 --> 00:13:11,440
and they are working on discs around

360
00:13:14,470 --> 00:13:13,440
young stars carol grady has been doing

361
00:13:16,790 --> 00:13:14,480
this for

362
00:13:17,910 --> 00:13:16,800
two decades now and is well known in the

363
00:13:20,790 --> 00:13:17,920
field

364
00:13:23,509 --> 00:13:20,800
mark and aki are working on discs and

365
00:13:25,750 --> 00:13:23,519
also on exoplanet detections

366
00:13:27,590 --> 00:13:25,760
and uh we have a large number of

367
00:13:28,629 --> 00:13:27,600
missions within which we're involved you

368
00:13:31,430 --> 00:13:28,639
can see uh

369
00:13:34,470 --> 00:13:31,440
on the left of this slide of a uh

370
00:13:37,110 --> 00:13:34,480
five well actually four missions uh webb

371
00:13:38,629 --> 00:13:37,120
telescope in the uh top left

372
00:13:40,949 --> 00:13:38,639
epoxy mission which you'll hear more

373
00:13:41,990 --> 00:13:40,959
about uh was once called deep impact and

374
00:13:44,550 --> 00:13:42,000
is now

375
00:13:45,910 --> 00:13:44,560
uh looking at exo earth as an exoplanet

376
00:13:47,269 --> 00:13:45,920
we'll hear about more about that a

377
00:13:50,470 --> 00:13:47,279
little later

378
00:13:52,470 --> 00:13:50,480
a new concept being developed to image

379
00:13:54,470 --> 00:13:52,480
worlds around other stars this is called

380
00:13:57,030 --> 00:13:54,480
the new worlds observer part of the tpf

381
00:13:59,509 --> 00:13:57,040
program that we're involved in

382
00:14:02,310 --> 00:13:59,519
through mark and aki

383
00:14:04,629 --> 00:14:02,320
an interferometric program uh to map

384
00:14:05,910 --> 00:14:04,639
these uh regions at high angular

385
00:14:07,590 --> 00:14:05,920
resolution

386
00:14:10,310 --> 00:14:07,600
and then various theoretical studies

387
00:14:11,990 --> 00:14:10,320
this happens to be a model of a disk uh

388
00:14:14,230 --> 00:14:12,000
the influence of an earth mass planet

389
00:14:16,629 --> 00:14:14,240
around a nearby star

390
00:14:18,790 --> 00:14:16,639
which mark has developed we won't have

391
00:14:20,870 --> 00:14:18,800
time nor the internet bandwidth to show

392
00:14:23,430 --> 00:14:20,880
you the uh movie of that

393
00:14:24,949 --> 00:14:23,440
uh but uh we'll make that available if

394
00:14:27,030 --> 00:14:24,959
you're so interested

395
00:14:28,790 --> 00:14:27,040
and there's some contact uh points over

396
00:14:31,430 --> 00:14:28,800
here you you'll get this when you see

397
00:14:32,949 --> 00:14:31,440
the posted pdf file or go up in a couple

398
00:14:35,509 --> 00:14:32,959
of days you can write all this stuff

399
00:14:37,030 --> 00:14:35,519
down or look at it again

400
00:14:39,269 --> 00:14:37,040
so here are a couple of things are going

401
00:14:41,269 --> 00:14:39,279
on here's a particular deep debris disc

402
00:14:44,230 --> 00:14:41,279
around the young star seen edge on up

403
00:14:46,710 --> 00:14:44,240
the upper right and by looking at the

404
00:14:48,310 --> 00:14:46,720
morphology of the disc and its energy

405
00:14:50,310 --> 00:14:48,320
budget and so forth you can learn a good

406
00:14:53,110 --> 00:14:50,320
deal about how dust and debris are

407
00:14:54,629 --> 00:14:53,120
distributed about that young star

408
00:14:57,189 --> 00:14:54,639
likely they're made by the comet

409
00:14:59,509 --> 00:14:57,199
asteroid collisions and evaporation and

410
00:15:01,350 --> 00:14:59,519
so forth and aki's been studying this

411
00:15:02,389 --> 00:15:01,360
since her thesis days looking at beta

412
00:15:07,350 --> 00:15:02,399
pic

413
00:15:08,629 --> 00:15:07,360
abundance elemental abundance ratios and

414
00:15:11,189 --> 00:15:08,639
so forth

415
00:15:13,189 --> 00:15:11,199
and we'll post a few papers along with

416
00:15:14,949 --> 00:15:13,199
our powerpoint presentation so those who

417
00:15:18,150 --> 00:15:14,959
are interested can in fact get into this

418
00:15:19,910 --> 00:15:18,160
in a little better little greater depth

419
00:15:22,470 --> 00:15:19,920
uh we're leading in this team is leading

420
00:15:23,990 --> 00:15:22,480
on towards the herschel uh launch this

421
00:15:26,389 --> 00:15:24,000
year

422
00:15:29,110 --> 00:15:26,399
which is scheduled for may 6th uh

423
00:15:31,430 --> 00:15:29,120
they are in fact involved in the

424
00:15:32,949 --> 00:15:31,440
so-called gasp project this is a guest

425
00:15:37,030 --> 00:15:32,959
in protoplanetary

426
00:15:38,870 --> 00:15:37,040
systems uh there's a plan to observe 250

427
00:15:41,509 --> 00:15:38,880
young stellar systems

428
00:15:43,910 --> 00:15:41,519
and this will in fact expand the uh

429
00:15:46,150 --> 00:15:43,920
current database acquired by uh

430
00:15:47,750 --> 00:15:46,160
another part of our team jeff blake and

431
00:15:49,829 --> 00:15:47,760
avina vandashok

432
00:15:51,910 --> 00:15:49,839
we've observed about 100 young stellar

433
00:15:54,150 --> 00:15:51,920
systems using high resolution infrared

434
00:15:56,949 --> 00:15:54,160
from the ground

435
00:15:58,949 --> 00:15:56,959
so this is these are the classes of

436
00:16:01,670 --> 00:15:58,959
information that one learns from this

437
00:16:03,670 --> 00:16:01,680
kind of study

438
00:16:05,910 --> 00:16:03,680
okay well then of course the key issue

439
00:16:07,990 --> 00:16:05,920
uh once you know the that planets can

440
00:16:09,430 --> 00:16:08,000
form in these disks or that the they do

441
00:16:12,230 --> 00:16:09,440
in fact uh

442
00:16:14,710 --> 00:16:12,240
exist uh is to actually characterize

443
00:16:17,829 --> 00:16:14,720
their nature frank deming is leading

444
00:16:19,189 --> 00:16:17,839
that work for our team and also and

445
00:16:21,110 --> 00:16:19,199
through independent

446
00:16:23,829 --> 00:16:21,120
funding he's actually one of the key

447
00:16:24,870 --> 00:16:23,839
leaders in the world in this field

448
00:16:27,269 --> 00:16:24,880
uh

449
00:16:30,150 --> 00:16:27,279
one of the focus foci that he's

450
00:16:32,710 --> 00:16:30,160
pursuing at the moment is to

451
00:16:34,790 --> 00:16:32,720
look at super earth's orbiting m dwarfs

452
00:16:36,629 --> 00:16:34,800
this was actually published

453
00:16:38,389 --> 00:16:36,639
the idea was published

454
00:16:39,990 --> 00:16:38,399
in nature

455
00:16:42,629 --> 00:16:40,000
late last year

456
00:16:44,389 --> 00:16:42,639
uh and we followed up with uh webb this

457
00:16:47,110 --> 00:16:44,399
web telescope

458
00:16:50,470 --> 00:16:47,120
to search for uh carbon dioxide in the

459
00:16:52,230 --> 00:16:50,480
4.3 micron region this dip right here

460
00:16:55,269 --> 00:16:52,240
showing that measured at low resolution

461
00:16:57,910 --> 00:16:55,279
against the background continuum uh of

462
00:17:00,230 --> 00:16:57,920
the planet and this is in fact the would

463
00:17:02,550 --> 00:17:00,240
be the signature of co2

464
00:17:05,669 --> 00:17:02,560
for a uh

465
00:17:07,590 --> 00:17:05,679
object that's at 22 parsecs distance and

466
00:17:08,549 --> 00:17:07,600
has a temperature of 300 kelvin and so

467
00:17:10,470 --> 00:17:08,559
on

468
00:17:14,630 --> 00:17:10,480
so this does look feasible and this is

469
00:17:18,710 --> 00:17:17,350
the second class of investigation he's

470
00:17:20,069 --> 00:17:18,720
pursuing his

471
00:17:22,069 --> 00:17:20,079
characterization of earth as an

472
00:17:23,990 --> 00:17:22,079
exoplanet and this is being done with

473
00:17:25,829 --> 00:17:24,000
the epoxy spacecraft which is in an

474
00:17:28,789 --> 00:17:25,839
extended mission phase

475
00:17:29,750 --> 00:17:28,799
after its successful targeted uh impact

476
00:17:32,390 --> 00:17:29,760
of the

477
00:17:34,390 --> 00:17:32,400
projectile on the temple one nucleus of

478
00:17:37,029 --> 00:17:34,400
temple comet temple one

479
00:17:39,350 --> 00:17:37,039
in 2005.

480
00:17:40,950 --> 00:17:39,360
uh so they've already uh you've heard

481
00:17:42,789 --> 00:17:40,960
about this on monday

482
00:17:44,830 --> 00:17:42,799
through when vicki meadows gave her

483
00:17:48,310 --> 00:17:44,840
synopsis of everything going on in the

484
00:17:50,789 --> 00:17:48,320
dpl but essentially what's been done now

485
00:17:53,110 --> 00:17:50,799
is to demonstrate that looking at the

486
00:17:54,549 --> 00:17:53,120
earth as an exoplanet as a single pixel

487
00:17:57,350 --> 00:17:54,559
basically

488
00:17:59,430 --> 00:17:57,360
uh it is possible to separate or

489
00:18:00,870 --> 00:17:59,440
identify that there are oceans and

490
00:18:03,430 --> 00:18:00,880
continents

491
00:18:06,310 --> 00:18:03,440
separately from the actual time

492
00:18:09,190 --> 00:18:06,320
signatures of the received signal as the

493
00:18:10,310 --> 00:18:09,200
earth rotates that signal changes and

494
00:18:12,310 --> 00:18:10,320
they've demonstrated now in a

495
00:18:13,510 --> 00:18:12,320
paper-submitted app jay that this is in

496
00:18:14,710 --> 00:18:13,520
fact

497
00:18:16,549 --> 00:18:14,720
detectable

498
00:18:18,390 --> 00:18:16,559
i asked drake yesterday whether in fact

499
00:18:19,830 --> 00:18:18,400
you could distinguish dust storms on

500
00:18:22,150 --> 00:18:19,840
mars from

501
00:18:23,990 --> 00:18:22,160
an ocean on mars and uh he sort of

502
00:18:25,590 --> 00:18:24,000
looked at me strangely and

503
00:18:27,029 --> 00:18:25,600
waffled on the answer so if he's here

504
00:18:30,070 --> 00:18:27,039
today maybe he'll comment on that a

505
00:18:31,430 --> 00:18:30,080
little a little later

506
00:18:33,110 --> 00:18:31,440
so keep that if you have a question

507
00:18:34,310 --> 00:18:33,120
about this keep it in your mind because

508
00:18:35,909 --> 00:18:34,320
we're going to move right along to other

509
00:18:38,070 --> 00:18:35,919
topics

510
00:18:40,310 --> 00:18:38,080
okay moving along now and coming a

511
00:18:43,029 --> 00:18:40,320
little closer to home

512
00:18:45,830 --> 00:18:43,039
you have an active program in modeling

513
00:18:48,470 --> 00:18:45,840
chemical processes in

514
00:18:50,710 --> 00:18:48,480
nebulae that is to say dense clouds and

515
00:18:52,230 --> 00:18:50,720
also in the nebulae surrounding young

516
00:18:53,669 --> 00:18:52,240
stars

517
00:18:54,710 --> 00:18:53,679
i showed you this cartoon a little

518
00:18:56,390 --> 00:18:54,720
earlier

519
00:18:59,430 --> 00:18:56,400
steve charnley

520
00:19:00,390 --> 00:18:59,440
is now a uh here at goddard as a civil

521
00:19:02,310 --> 00:19:00,400
servant

522
00:19:04,070 --> 00:19:02,320
and he's leading a group

523
00:19:05,990 --> 00:19:04,080
as he has for the last

524
00:19:07,830 --> 00:19:06,000
five years as part of the iai and before

525
00:19:09,350 --> 00:19:07,840
that of course in his

526
00:19:11,430 --> 00:19:09,360
other life as

527
00:19:13,669 --> 00:19:11,440
just a general theorist

528
00:19:14,950 --> 00:19:13,679
doing uh chemistry

529
00:19:16,710 --> 00:19:14,960
uh on

530
00:19:17,590 --> 00:19:16,720
the processes that are occurring in this

531
00:19:19,909 --> 00:19:17,600
region

532
00:19:22,310 --> 00:19:19,919
and the idea here is to develop

533
00:19:24,950 --> 00:19:22,320
quantitative chemical models that

534
00:19:27,909 --> 00:19:24,960
then will permit uh their predictions to

535
00:19:30,310 --> 00:19:27,919
be compared with organic and isotopic

536
00:19:32,710 --> 00:19:30,320
inventories to help constrain the

537
00:19:34,789 --> 00:19:32,720
processes that actually occurred

538
00:19:36,870 --> 00:19:34,799
uh in the regions where this chemistry

539
00:19:38,950 --> 00:19:36,880
occurs namely from a few au out to

540
00:19:41,669 --> 00:19:38,960
perhaps 30 or 40 au

541
00:19:43,909 --> 00:19:41,679
from the young sun

542
00:19:45,990 --> 00:19:43,919
uh he also pursues

543
00:19:48,310 --> 00:19:46,000
certain astronomical

544
00:19:50,789 --> 00:19:48,320
problems through observations

545
00:19:53,909 --> 00:19:50,799
and this is in fact a detection of

546
00:19:55,990 --> 00:19:53,919
doubly deuterated formaldehyde

547
00:19:57,990 --> 00:19:56,000
in comet t7

548
00:20:00,150 --> 00:19:58,000
which appeared several years ago about

549
00:20:02,470 --> 00:20:00,160
six or seven years ago

550
00:20:03,830 --> 00:20:02,480
and indeed what's really amazing here is

551
00:20:05,750 --> 00:20:03,840
that sorry it's singly deuterated

552
00:20:06,390 --> 00:20:05,760
formaldehyde

553
00:20:13,270 --> 00:20:06,400
the

554
00:20:15,909 --> 00:20:13,280
indicative of ion molecule processing

555
00:20:18,630 --> 00:20:15,919
at low temperature and not of the doh

556
00:20:20,390 --> 00:20:18,640
ratio in the feedstock from which the

557
00:20:22,070 --> 00:20:20,400
ice is formed

558
00:20:24,549 --> 00:20:22,080
uh it was uh

559
00:20:25,830 --> 00:20:24,559
hd co2h2 co was on the order of 30

560
00:20:28,390 --> 00:20:25,840
percent

561
00:20:30,950 --> 00:20:28,400
uh instead of being depleted by a factor

562
00:20:32,789 --> 00:20:30,960
of 10 to the a few times uh

563
00:20:35,990 --> 00:20:32,799
well 50 000.

564
00:20:38,789 --> 00:20:36,000
so uh this was in fact evidence that at

565
00:20:42,310 --> 00:20:38,799
least in this comet legacy ices from the

566
00:20:43,510 --> 00:20:42,320
nato cloud core were incorporated or

567
00:20:46,870 --> 00:20:43,520
or

568
00:20:50,390 --> 00:20:46,880
uh the same class of chemistry affected

569
00:20:51,350 --> 00:20:50,400
isis in the solar system at a distance

570
00:20:53,510 --> 00:20:51,360
where

571
00:20:55,669 --> 00:20:53,520
the temperature was similar to that in

572
00:20:58,070 --> 00:20:55,679
the nato cloud core someone always has

573
00:21:00,149 --> 00:20:58,080
to remember there are multiple paths

574
00:21:02,070 --> 00:21:00,159
to explain a given database

575
00:21:03,510 --> 00:21:02,080
and additional tests are needed before

576
00:21:05,590 --> 00:21:03,520
you can constrain

577
00:21:08,549 --> 00:21:05,600
uh these two possibilities and we are

578
00:21:12,710 --> 00:21:10,789
so these are the sorts of things that

579
00:21:15,270 --> 00:21:12,720
steve is embarked upon there's a list

580
00:21:17,909 --> 00:21:15,280
here i don't intend to read this to you

581
00:21:20,230 --> 00:21:17,919
you'll all have to do that for yourself

582
00:21:21,430 --> 00:21:20,240
but the key point is that uh if you

583
00:21:23,830 --> 00:21:21,440
really want to know

584
00:21:27,909 --> 00:21:23,840
follow up this little more just

585
00:21:29,190 --> 00:21:27,919
google his uh his name and uh

586
00:21:30,950 --> 00:21:29,200
astral chemistry and you're going to

587
00:21:32,630 --> 00:21:30,960
find a whole host of papers he's a very

588
00:21:35,830 --> 00:21:32,640
productive and

589
00:21:40,390 --> 00:21:37,510
okay now the next thing i want to move

590
00:21:42,549 --> 00:21:40,400
on to is a work on sculpting of the

591
00:21:45,350 --> 00:21:42,559
early solar system this is uh to those

592
00:21:47,190 --> 00:21:45,360
of you who work on this uh field it's

593
00:21:49,750 --> 00:21:47,200
known as the niece model

594
00:21:51,029 --> 00:21:49,760
after the town in france where

595
00:21:53,830 --> 00:21:51,039
uh

596
00:21:56,789 --> 00:21:53,840
morbidelli and his collaborators reside

597
00:21:58,470 --> 00:21:56,799
at the observatory

598
00:22:01,750 --> 00:21:58,480
but anyway he uh

599
00:22:03,590 --> 00:22:01,760
they developed a model which um of which

600
00:22:06,110 --> 00:22:03,600
uh hal levison

601
00:22:09,590 --> 00:22:06,120
from sweary and boulder is in fact a

602
00:22:11,190 --> 00:22:09,600
co-progenitor he actually and uh morby

603
00:22:12,870 --> 00:22:11,200
were two of the key uh leaders in

604
00:22:14,710 --> 00:22:12,880
developing this model

605
00:22:16,950 --> 00:22:14,720
and it had it was published for the

606
00:22:19,430 --> 00:22:16,960
first time in 2005

607
00:22:22,630 --> 00:22:19,440
and it is not too strong to say that it

608
00:22:25,669 --> 00:22:22,640
has revolutionized the field

609
00:22:27,669 --> 00:22:25,679
uh it's changed the understanding of

610
00:22:28,789 --> 00:22:27,679
almost everything from soup to nuts in

611
00:22:30,230 --> 00:22:28,799
terms of

612
00:22:32,149 --> 00:22:30,240
uh the

613
00:22:33,190 --> 00:22:32,159
dispersal of material in the early solar

614
00:22:35,430 --> 00:22:33,200
system

615
00:22:38,230 --> 00:22:35,440
so at the top we show a little cartoon

616
00:22:40,630 --> 00:22:38,240
which represents the giant planets

617
00:22:43,190 --> 00:22:40,640
the sun is on the far left then the

618
00:22:45,110 --> 00:22:43,200
5au from the sun five astronomical units

619
00:22:47,110 --> 00:22:45,120
for those of you who don't um

620
00:22:48,710 --> 00:22:47,120
or five times the earth distance from

621
00:22:50,230 --> 00:22:48,720
the sun for those of you who don't do

622
00:22:54,230 --> 00:22:50,240
astronomy

623
00:22:56,710 --> 00:22:54,240
uh as shown here then saturn and now the

624
00:22:59,510 --> 00:22:56,720
next planet out is not uranus as it is

625
00:23:01,190 --> 00:22:59,520
today but rather neptune that's this one

626
00:23:03,990 --> 00:23:01,200
and then uranus and both of those

627
00:23:05,990 --> 00:23:04,000
planets are within 15 a.u of the young

628
00:23:08,149 --> 00:23:06,000
sun which is very different from their

629
00:23:09,909 --> 00:23:08,159
current location

630
00:23:11,750 --> 00:23:09,919
beyond that there was a disk of icy

631
00:23:15,590 --> 00:23:11,760
planetesimals

632
00:23:18,070 --> 00:23:15,600
and now things start to get interesting

633
00:23:21,270 --> 00:23:18,080
jupiter and saturn are actually

634
00:23:23,990 --> 00:23:21,280
scattering bodies from their feeding

635
00:23:27,029 --> 00:23:24,000
zones in the first few hundred million

636
00:23:29,909 --> 00:23:27,039
years of solar system history and as

637
00:23:32,070 --> 00:23:29,919
they do that they have to move slightly

638
00:23:34,549 --> 00:23:32,080
from one another jupiter moving inward

639
00:23:37,270 --> 00:23:34,559
and saturn moving outward and when they

640
00:23:39,909 --> 00:23:37,280
hit uh orbital position such that their

641
00:23:41,830 --> 00:23:39,919
periods are in the ratio of two to one

642
00:23:44,549 --> 00:23:41,840
then they can pump each other or their

643
00:23:46,950 --> 00:23:44,559
gravity fields can work together to pump

644
00:23:49,029 --> 00:23:46,960
other bodies further out

645
00:23:51,590 --> 00:23:49,039
and disrupt this outer zone

646
00:23:52,870 --> 00:23:51,600
and what you'll notice here is that the

647
00:23:55,029 --> 00:23:52,880
um

648
00:23:56,630 --> 00:23:55,039
the planets neptune and uranus have

649
00:23:58,390 --> 00:23:56,640
swapped places

650
00:24:00,630 --> 00:23:58,400
and are moving outward

651
00:24:03,990 --> 00:24:00,640
and indeed are disrupting this outer

652
00:24:05,830 --> 00:24:04,000
disk of icy bodies we call this these

653
00:24:07,750 --> 00:24:05,840
planetesimals

654
00:24:09,270 --> 00:24:07,760
and finally as time goes on these are

655
00:24:11,830 --> 00:24:09,280
being scattered out some to the oort

656
00:24:14,310 --> 00:24:11,840
cloud some to the scattered kuiper disk

657
00:24:16,950 --> 00:24:14,320
and this is indeed the origin of the

658
00:24:18,710 --> 00:24:16,960
scattered kuiper disk until finally at

659
00:24:20,870 --> 00:24:18,720
the end of this process

660
00:24:21,909 --> 00:24:20,880
you end up with uranus at the correct

661
00:24:24,310 --> 00:24:21,919
position

662
00:24:27,110 --> 00:24:24,320
uh now inside of neptune which is out at

663
00:24:29,269 --> 00:24:27,120
30 a.u and finally the scattered kuiper

664
00:24:30,230 --> 00:24:29,279
disk in the classical cold disc further

665
00:24:32,470 --> 00:24:30,240
out

666
00:24:34,230 --> 00:24:32,480
this is a compelling model for several

667
00:24:36,310 --> 00:24:34,240
reasons

668
00:24:37,510 --> 00:24:36,320
it explains many puzzles

669
00:24:39,830 --> 00:24:37,520
uh

670
00:24:41,190 --> 00:24:39,840
regarding the solar system and here is a

671
00:24:44,310 --> 00:24:41,200
list of them

672
00:24:45,750 --> 00:24:44,320
in terms of astrobiology

673
00:24:47,750 --> 00:24:45,760
these of course are interesting for

674
00:24:50,149 --> 00:24:47,760
other reasons but uh the late heavy

675
00:24:51,830 --> 00:24:50,159
bombardment of the moon and earth uh

676
00:24:54,149 --> 00:24:51,840
occurs when the two to one mean motion

677
00:24:56,789 --> 00:24:54,159
resonance is reached and the outer disk

678
00:24:59,350 --> 00:24:56,799
uh is uh disseminated

679
00:25:01,750 --> 00:24:59,360
and that in their model is predicted to

680
00:25:03,029 --> 00:25:01,760
occur at just about the right time and

681
00:25:05,990 --> 00:25:03,039
about

682
00:25:08,710 --> 00:25:06,000
700 million years after formation of the

683
00:25:10,149 --> 00:25:08,720
sun or the earthquake system

684
00:25:11,510 --> 00:25:10,159
so that works pretty well and actually

685
00:25:13,669 --> 00:25:11,520
the massive material delivery to the

686
00:25:16,070 --> 00:25:13,679
moon also works well

687
00:25:19,350 --> 00:25:16,080
it also suggests that the original

688
00:25:22,149 --> 00:25:19,360
asteroid belt gets disrupted severely

689
00:25:25,110 --> 00:25:22,159
and delivers a massive bombardment

690
00:25:25,990 --> 00:25:25,120
it also in places the kuiper belt

691
00:25:28,230 --> 00:25:26,000
also

692
00:25:30,310 --> 00:25:28,240
suggests that this could create an early

693
00:25:31,510 --> 00:25:30,320
massive martian atmosphere and so forth

694
00:25:33,029 --> 00:25:31,520
and so on

695
00:25:35,430 --> 00:25:33,039
and it explains things like the

696
00:25:36,950 --> 00:25:35,440
irregular satellites of saturn here's

697
00:25:38,870 --> 00:25:36,960
one called phoebe

698
00:25:41,029 --> 00:25:38,880
which is basically if you like an icy

699
00:25:43,269 --> 00:25:41,039
planetesimal or comet nucleus but now in

700
00:25:45,110 --> 00:25:43,279
orbit around saturn

701
00:25:48,549 --> 00:25:45,120
having been scattered there by this

702
00:25:53,350 --> 00:25:50,390
so here's the way in which these

703
00:25:58,230 --> 00:25:54,830
produce

704
00:25:59,990 --> 00:25:58,240
testable uh signatures in the comet

705
00:26:02,470 --> 00:26:00,000
reservoirs

706
00:26:04,710 --> 00:26:02,480
uh firstly when the inner disc clears

707
00:26:05,590 --> 00:26:04,720
this is when the giant planets are first

708
00:26:07,750 --> 00:26:05,600
forming

709
00:26:09,590 --> 00:26:07,760
many of those planetesimals

710
00:26:11,590 --> 00:26:09,600
icy bodies are scattered to the oort

711
00:26:13,830 --> 00:26:11,600
cloud and some go into this outer icy

712
00:26:15,430 --> 00:26:13,840
disk which becomes a kuiper disk

713
00:26:17,590 --> 00:26:15,440
and then when the the

714
00:26:18,789 --> 00:26:17,600
motion resonance occurs and all heck

715
00:26:20,390 --> 00:26:18,799
breaks loose

716
00:26:22,149 --> 00:26:20,400
i got to keep it

717
00:26:23,269 --> 00:26:22,159
clean here

718
00:26:24,950 --> 00:26:23,279
the

719
00:26:27,190 --> 00:26:24,960
outer disk

720
00:26:28,950 --> 00:26:27,200
then disrupts and again

721
00:26:31,430 --> 00:26:28,960
scatters many bodies to the org cloud

722
00:26:33,590 --> 00:26:31,440
and some to the kuiper disk so

723
00:26:35,190 --> 00:26:33,600
a prediction of this model is that if

724
00:26:37,110 --> 00:26:35,200
there was a radial gradient with

725
00:26:39,750 --> 00:26:37,120
distance from the young sun

726
00:26:43,110 --> 00:26:39,760
then you should see diverse chemistries

727
00:26:45,909 --> 00:26:43,120
of icy bodies in both reservoirs

728
00:26:48,950 --> 00:26:45,919
and finally the diversity quotients that

729
00:26:51,190 --> 00:26:48,960
is to say that if you have

730
00:26:53,110 --> 00:26:51,200
four or five classes of organic

731
00:26:55,269 --> 00:26:53,120
chemistries in individual bodies in

732
00:26:57,909 --> 00:26:55,279
these reservoirs you might have more of

733
00:26:59,029 --> 00:26:57,919
type a in the first reservoir kuiper

734
00:27:01,590 --> 00:26:59,039
belt and

735
00:27:03,669 --> 00:27:01,600
less of type a and york cloud which is

736
00:27:05,430 --> 00:27:03,679
of course mainly formed from

737
00:27:06,710 --> 00:27:05,440
bodies that were formed closer into the

738
00:27:08,149 --> 00:27:06,720
sun

739
00:27:10,470 --> 00:27:08,159
so these are

740
00:27:11,830 --> 00:27:10,480
then can be compared with cometary

741
00:27:14,950 --> 00:27:11,840
composition

742
00:27:16,390 --> 00:27:14,960
to indeed see do we see diversity uh are

743
00:27:18,470 --> 00:27:16,400
they different than two reservoirs and

744
00:27:22,549 --> 00:27:18,480
so forth and so on and then by going

745
00:27:25,110 --> 00:27:22,559
back and forth one can revise the models

746
00:27:27,909 --> 00:27:25,120
and theory and so forth and so on and so

747
00:27:29,590 --> 00:27:27,919
that is where we are going with this

748
00:27:31,669 --> 00:27:29,600
the current observables the top three

749
00:27:34,230 --> 00:27:31,679
bullets there check marks

750
00:27:36,230 --> 00:27:34,240
basically are the things we see these

751
00:27:38,630 --> 00:27:36,240
distinct classes of comets

752
00:27:39,909 --> 00:27:38,640
uh chemical models that independently

753
00:27:41,830 --> 00:27:39,919
predict radio radiance and

754
00:27:43,269 --> 00:27:41,840
protoplanetary disks

755
00:27:44,710 --> 00:27:43,279
and finally the nice model which

756
00:27:46,230 --> 00:27:44,720
predicts significant mixing into

757
00:27:48,950 --> 00:27:46,240
different reservoirs

758
00:27:51,350 --> 00:27:48,960
although it it really desperately needs

759
00:27:53,510 --> 00:27:51,360
some of the constraints provided by the

760
00:27:55,669 --> 00:27:53,520
first tick mark in order to further

761
00:27:58,710 --> 00:27:55,679
refine the nice model

762
00:28:00,389 --> 00:27:58,720
and then finally uh the circled bullets

763
00:28:03,669 --> 00:28:00,399
below show what

764
00:28:05,669 --> 00:28:03,679
is planned by hal for his immediate work

765
00:28:07,269 --> 00:28:05,679
in the next five years during this uh

766
00:28:08,710 --> 00:28:07,279
pattern you can read that for yourself

767
00:28:11,909 --> 00:28:08,720
uh when the

768
00:28:14,710 --> 00:28:11,919
powerpoint file has been posted

769
00:28:16,870 --> 00:28:14,720
okay uh so here are the ground truths

770
00:28:18,470 --> 00:28:16,880
that we have to work with

771
00:28:20,070 --> 00:28:18,480
icy bodies

772
00:28:21,510 --> 00:28:20,080
from new york cloud and the kuiper disk

773
00:28:24,070 --> 00:28:21,520
we can tell which where they came from

774
00:28:26,630 --> 00:28:24,080
based on their orbital parameters

775
00:28:28,389 --> 00:28:26,640
uh but not where they originally formed

776
00:28:31,430 --> 00:28:28,399
from their orbital parameters that that

777
00:28:33,750 --> 00:28:31,440
information was lost uh

778
00:28:35,990 --> 00:28:33,760
also looking at lunar brushes and

779
00:28:38,070 --> 00:28:36,000
finally looking at meteorites

780
00:28:39,990 --> 00:28:38,080
so let's have a look first at uh just a

781
00:28:44,549 --> 00:28:40,000
quick overview of what we're learning

782
00:28:46,870 --> 00:28:44,559
about the taxonomy of icy planetesimals

783
00:28:48,789 --> 00:28:46,880
okay so here's what we want to do we're

784
00:28:50,870 --> 00:28:48,799
going to do this all three steps and

785
00:28:54,710 --> 00:28:50,880
these are well in hand now and we have

786
00:28:56,870 --> 00:28:54,720
about 21 comments in our database so far

787
00:28:59,990 --> 00:28:56,880
of which i'll show you results based on

788
00:29:02,789 --> 00:29:00,000
12. the others we just published three

789
00:29:05,110 --> 00:29:02,799
more haven't yet made it into this

790
00:29:07,430 --> 00:29:05,120
the synopsis that i'll show you

791
00:29:09,029 --> 00:29:07,440
uh but we'll in a few months and then so

792
00:29:11,669 --> 00:29:09,039
forth and so on so we're accumulating

793
00:29:12,870 --> 00:29:11,679
new bodies roughly two per year

794
00:29:15,190 --> 00:29:12,880
we could do more if we had more

795
00:29:16,470 --> 00:29:15,200
observing time

796
00:29:18,310 --> 00:29:16,480
okay so

797
00:29:20,630 --> 00:29:18,320
i showed you this picture of phoebe at

798
00:29:23,029 --> 00:29:20,640
the upper right before and i show you

799
00:29:24,230 --> 00:29:23,039
the actual images of distinct iconic

800
00:29:26,389 --> 00:29:24,240
nuclei

801
00:29:29,430 --> 00:29:26,399
for one and only one reason and that is

802
00:29:32,310 --> 00:29:29,440
to show you or tell you basically uh we

803
00:29:35,029 --> 00:29:32,320
can discuss this later as to whether you

804
00:29:37,590 --> 00:29:35,039
understand it but you do not learn

805
00:29:39,510 --> 00:29:37,600
much about the origin of the cometary

806
00:29:41,029 --> 00:29:39,520
bodies by looking at images of the

807
00:29:44,310 --> 00:29:41,039
surface

808
00:29:46,710 --> 00:29:44,320
take away message number one

809
00:29:48,549 --> 00:29:46,720
take away message number two

810
00:29:50,950 --> 00:29:48,559
if you look at the individual parent

811
00:29:53,830 --> 00:29:50,960
volatiles these are we call these parent

812
00:29:56,950 --> 00:29:53,840
volatiles are the chemicals that were

813
00:29:58,789 --> 00:29:56,960
formed as ices in the cometary nucleus

814
00:30:01,750 --> 00:29:58,799
were sublimated as the nucleus became

815
00:30:04,710 --> 00:30:01,760
activated by solar heat entered the coma

816
00:30:07,430 --> 00:30:04,720
and now can be measured these are

817
00:30:08,870 --> 00:30:07,440
being pursued vigorously by millimeter

818
00:30:09,990 --> 00:30:08,880
and infrared

819
00:30:12,789 --> 00:30:10,000
observers

820
00:30:13,750 --> 00:30:12,799
we do mainly infrared work but we

821
00:30:15,909 --> 00:30:13,760
also

822
00:30:17,029 --> 00:30:15,919
are teamed with several groups that do

823
00:30:18,870 --> 00:30:17,039
millimeter

824
00:30:21,590 --> 00:30:18,880
observing as well

825
00:30:24,310 --> 00:30:21,600
including astronomers at uh

826
00:30:26,230 --> 00:30:24,320
university of arizona smt also at

827
00:30:28,950 --> 00:30:26,240
university of hawaii and so forth

828
00:30:30,710 --> 00:30:28,960
through the karamieches team

829
00:30:33,029 --> 00:30:30,720
uh so here on the right you see a list

830
00:30:35,590 --> 00:30:33,039
of molecules that are are

831
00:30:37,830 --> 00:30:35,600
have been detected so far and the red

832
00:30:40,789 --> 00:30:37,840
bar in each case gives you an idea of

833
00:30:42,389 --> 00:30:40,799
the range of abundance ratios seen

834
00:30:44,149 --> 00:30:42,399
uh if seen in a number of comets here

835
00:30:45,830 --> 00:30:44,159
for example co

836
00:30:47,750 --> 00:30:45,840
is seen in more than 10 comets it's

837
00:30:50,149 --> 00:30:47,760
about 20 by now

838
00:30:52,549 --> 00:30:50,159
and it ranges by almost a factor of 100

839
00:30:54,149 --> 00:30:52,559
in abundance relative to water obviously

840
00:30:55,430 --> 00:30:54,159
a clear measure of significant

841
00:30:57,269 --> 00:30:55,440
variability

842
00:30:58,950 --> 00:30:57,279
on the other hand there are a few other

843
00:31:01,269 --> 00:30:58,960
chemicals that are seen in only one

844
00:31:02,070 --> 00:31:01,279
comet namely hal bot the brightest comet

845
00:31:04,389 --> 00:31:02,080
ever

846
00:31:06,070 --> 00:31:04,399
quantified with modern instrumentation

847
00:31:08,710 --> 00:31:06,080
and so we don't have much information

848
00:31:10,310 --> 00:31:08,720
from them except an existence theorem we

849
00:31:13,990 --> 00:31:10,320
don't know much about how that that

850
00:31:16,950 --> 00:31:14,000
varies from uh body to body

851
00:31:18,470 --> 00:31:16,960
now the infrared is especially powerful

852
00:31:21,029 --> 00:31:18,480
in this regard

853
00:31:24,070 --> 00:31:21,039
and the key reason is the advent of

854
00:31:26,630 --> 00:31:24,080
cross-dispersed shell spectrometers

855
00:31:28,630 --> 00:31:26,640
particularly at keck

856
00:31:31,110 --> 00:31:28,640
and on the left here you see a list of

857
00:31:33,750 --> 00:31:31,120
chemicals all of which can be measured

858
00:31:35,909 --> 00:31:33,760
simultaneously with water

859
00:31:36,789 --> 00:31:35,919
and when i say simultaneously i mean at

860
00:31:38,389 --> 00:31:36,799
every

861
00:31:40,389 --> 00:31:38,399
point along the

862
00:31:41,509 --> 00:31:40,399
entrance aperture of the spectrometer we

863
00:31:43,830 --> 00:31:41,519
can measure

864
00:31:46,549 --> 00:31:43,840
half a dozen of these species and water

865
00:31:48,149 --> 00:31:46,559
always at the same time

866
00:31:50,389 --> 00:31:48,159
enough said

867
00:31:52,950 --> 00:31:50,399
i won't go into any more detail

868
00:31:54,230 --> 00:31:52,960
than that except to tell you that when

869
00:31:57,029 --> 00:31:54,240
we do that

870
00:31:58,950 --> 00:31:57,039
we have removed most sources of

871
00:32:01,350 --> 00:31:58,960
systematic error

872
00:32:02,950 --> 00:32:01,360
as if you did each molecule separately

873
00:32:04,310 --> 00:32:02,960
on say night to night or with different

874
00:32:05,590 --> 00:32:04,320
instruments then you'd always have to

875
00:32:07,110 --> 00:32:05,600
worry about

876
00:32:09,269 --> 00:32:07,120
observational

877
00:32:12,630 --> 00:32:09,279
artifacts such as the atmospheric

878
00:32:14,950 --> 00:32:12,640
turbulence and so forth and so on

879
00:32:17,269 --> 00:32:14,960
well let's look at how these uh these

880
00:32:18,310 --> 00:32:17,279
comets stack up when once against one

881
00:32:20,470 --> 00:32:18,320
another

882
00:32:22,389 --> 00:32:20,480
and this uh this slide i want you to

883
00:32:24,870 --> 00:32:22,399
draw attention to

884
00:32:26,389 --> 00:32:24,880
uh two aspects of it

885
00:32:28,230 --> 00:32:26,399
first um

886
00:32:29,750 --> 00:32:28,240
the comet number there's a key on the

887
00:32:31,590 --> 00:32:29,760
left you can look at that later on it

888
00:32:34,070 --> 00:32:31,600
doesn't really matter for the moment

889
00:32:35,590 --> 00:32:34,080
it's given by and on the bottom axis so

890
00:32:38,230 --> 00:32:35,600
these are just individual comments

891
00:32:40,549 --> 00:32:38,240
running from left to right

892
00:32:42,230 --> 00:32:40,559
next i want you to look at this chart

893
00:32:44,389 --> 00:32:42,240
right here which shows you the abundance

894
00:32:46,230 --> 00:32:44,399
of methanol these two comets have

895
00:32:48,230 --> 00:32:46,240
methanol in the order of four percent

896
00:32:50,710 --> 00:32:48,240
relative to water

897
00:32:52,310 --> 00:32:50,720
the next group uh has methanol at about

898
00:32:53,830 --> 00:32:52,320
two percent relative to water and then

899
00:32:56,630 --> 00:32:53,840
finally there's a group over here where

900
00:32:59,350 --> 00:32:56,640
it's depleted by an order of magnitude

901
00:33:00,389 --> 00:32:59,360
same thing happens for ethane

902
00:33:02,389 --> 00:33:00,399
the last

903
00:33:03,830 --> 00:33:02,399
molecule that i will mention and i would

904
00:33:05,110 --> 00:33:03,840
just tell you that these two are highly

905
00:33:06,149 --> 00:33:05,120
correlated i'll show you in the next

906
00:33:08,549 --> 00:33:06,159
slide

907
00:33:10,389 --> 00:33:08,559
but notice that for the high ethane

908
00:33:12,549 --> 00:33:10,399
comets there's one from the oort cloud

909
00:33:14,470 --> 00:33:12,559
and one from the kuiper belt and from

910
00:33:15,590 --> 00:33:14,480
the the low methanol comets there's one

911
00:33:16,789 --> 00:33:15,600
from new york cloud and one from the

912
00:33:19,509 --> 00:33:16,799
kuiper belt

913
00:33:21,110 --> 00:33:19,519
yet normal populations are dominated by

914
00:33:23,750 --> 00:33:21,120
the orc cloud just because we have more

915
00:33:26,389 --> 00:33:23,760
of those in our database but we do also

916
00:33:28,549 --> 00:33:26,399
see some in the kuiper belt so here you

917
00:33:30,310 --> 00:33:28,559
see immediate evidence

918
00:33:32,870 --> 00:33:30,320
out of the three distinct groups of

919
00:33:35,110 --> 00:33:32,880
comets members of each group are found

920
00:33:37,430 --> 00:33:35,120
in each dynamical reservoir

921
00:33:40,230 --> 00:33:37,440
that tells you that

922
00:33:42,870 --> 00:33:40,240
the key will be to identify

923
00:33:44,710 --> 00:33:42,880
the fractions of each class that are in

924
00:33:45,430 --> 00:33:44,720
each reservoir because that's what tells

925
00:33:46,470 --> 00:33:45,440
you

926
00:33:48,389 --> 00:33:46,480
uh

927
00:33:50,070 --> 00:33:48,399
the something about the dynamics in the

928
00:33:52,310 --> 00:33:50,080
region of the solar system from each

929
00:33:54,310 --> 00:33:52,320
which each reservoir received its

930
00:33:56,389 --> 00:33:54,320
numbers

931
00:33:58,549 --> 00:33:56,399
now i promise to show you those same uh

932
00:34:00,950 --> 00:33:58,559
two data sets on ethane in a different

933
00:34:02,950 --> 00:34:00,960
way and here it is shown as a bar chart

934
00:34:04,070 --> 00:34:02,960
uh basically this is a factor of two in

935
00:34:05,750 --> 00:34:04,080
each case

936
00:34:08,149 --> 00:34:05,760
here's the normal population you can see

937
00:34:10,230 --> 00:34:08,159
about a dozen comets in that maybe it's

938
00:34:11,190 --> 00:34:10,240
actually 10 7 8 9

939
00:34:12,710 --> 00:34:11,200
10.

940
00:34:14,629 --> 00:34:12,720
the enriched group is over here and

941
00:34:16,470 --> 00:34:14,639
there's a depleted group here and the

942
00:34:18,389 --> 00:34:16,480
methanol shows a somewhat similar

943
00:34:20,710 --> 00:34:18,399
distribution so we think these are

944
00:34:22,230 --> 00:34:20,720
probably uh

945
00:34:23,510 --> 00:34:22,240
somewhat realistic we don't know yet

946
00:34:25,190 --> 00:34:23,520
whether this is going to fill in and

947
00:34:28,069 --> 00:34:25,200
become just a single

948
00:34:33,510 --> 00:34:28,079
broad distribution but so far we really

949
00:34:37,829 --> 00:34:35,030
uh there are two other parameters we're

950
00:34:40,950 --> 00:34:37,839
after which will tell us more about uh

951
00:34:44,149 --> 00:34:40,960
uh the uh place of origin in the

952
00:34:45,909 --> 00:34:44,159
protoplanetary disk or natal cloud core

953
00:34:48,389 --> 00:34:45,919
uh the first one is the so-called

954
00:34:50,389 --> 00:34:48,399
nuclear spin temperature

955
00:34:52,950 --> 00:34:50,399
in water and now it's being pursued in

956
00:34:55,669 --> 00:34:52,960
ammonia and methane as well

957
00:34:58,550 --> 00:34:55,679
basically this the idea here is that

958
00:35:00,150 --> 00:34:58,560
the proton carries a spin of one half

959
00:35:02,390 --> 00:35:00,160
speed angular momentum so if you have

960
00:35:04,470 --> 00:35:02,400
two protons those spins can be aligned

961
00:35:05,670 --> 00:35:04,480
or anti-aligned to give you one or zero

962
00:35:07,910 --> 00:35:05,680
as a total

963
00:35:09,589 --> 00:35:07,920
and this gives you different weights and

964
00:35:11,589 --> 00:35:09,599
they have slightly different lower state

965
00:35:12,630 --> 00:35:11,599
energies so you can have a temperature

966
00:35:14,790 --> 00:35:12,640
effect

967
00:35:16,390 --> 00:35:14,800
uh if they formed at low temperature

968
00:35:18,790 --> 00:35:16,400
you'll have very little of the highest

969
00:35:20,790 --> 00:35:18,800
higher excitation state if they formed a

970
00:35:22,950 --> 00:35:20,800
higher temperature you'll have a lot and

971
00:35:24,630 --> 00:35:22,960
so here's an example for

972
00:35:27,030 --> 00:35:24,640
about a dozen comets

973
00:35:28,710 --> 00:35:27,040
showing the range of such uh

974
00:35:31,109 --> 00:35:28,720
spin temperatures measured in these

975
00:35:34,150 --> 00:35:31,119
different comets and they typically

976
00:35:35,270 --> 00:35:34,160
range i'd say a modal value is around 30

977
00:35:36,950 --> 00:35:35,280
kelvin

978
00:35:38,470 --> 00:35:36,960
which is

979
00:35:39,829 --> 00:35:38,480
cold enough to actually cause these

980
00:35:41,109 --> 00:35:39,839
spins to be

981
00:35:42,470 --> 00:35:41,119
relaxed

982
00:35:44,630 --> 00:35:42,480
and so this gives you a way of

983
00:35:46,230 --> 00:35:44,640
identifying something about the origin

984
00:35:47,349 --> 00:35:46,240
of the water in a given comet in this

985
00:35:49,829 --> 00:35:47,359
way

986
00:35:51,750 --> 00:35:49,839
the second modality is to look at the d

987
00:35:53,910 --> 00:35:51,760
to h ratio

988
00:35:56,630 --> 00:35:53,920
in individual volatiles

989
00:35:59,990 --> 00:35:56,640
and that's been pursued mainly for water

990
00:36:01,829 --> 00:36:00,000
vapor but a little for hcn and

991
00:36:03,670 --> 00:36:01,839
people are on the track of doing it as

992
00:36:05,829 --> 00:36:03,680
you heard a minute ago for formaldehyde

993
00:36:08,230 --> 00:36:05,839
hdco in particular

994
00:36:10,550 --> 00:36:08,240
but also for

995
00:36:12,470 --> 00:36:10,560
other species such as deuterated ethane

996
00:36:15,109 --> 00:36:12,480
and deuterated methane

997
00:36:16,950 --> 00:36:15,119
the key point is that

998
00:36:17,990 --> 00:36:16,960
the take-home messages

999
00:36:19,430 --> 00:36:18,000
although

1000
00:36:21,829 --> 00:36:19,440
so far

1001
00:36:25,589 --> 00:36:21,839
most comets that have been sampled

1002
00:36:26,390 --> 00:36:25,599
show a ddoh ratio of about

1003
00:36:28,790 --> 00:36:26,400
twice

1004
00:36:31,190 --> 00:36:28,800
that found in mean ocean water

1005
00:36:33,190 --> 00:36:31,200
uh we think that may be related to the

1006
00:36:34,950 --> 00:36:33,200
fact that they are all of the same

1007
00:36:36,950 --> 00:36:34,960
organic group

1008
00:36:39,990 --> 00:36:36,960
they are all organics normal comets we

1009
00:36:41,990 --> 00:36:40,000
don't yet see any feta have not gotten a

1010
00:36:44,630 --> 00:36:42,000
d2h measurement in any comet that is

1011
00:36:47,030 --> 00:36:44,640
organics depleted which is the signature

1012
00:36:48,790 --> 00:36:47,040
we think of forming in the higher

1013
00:36:52,150 --> 00:36:48,800
temperature region

1014
00:36:53,510 --> 00:36:52,160
of jupiter saturn or even closer

1015
00:36:55,750 --> 00:36:53,520
well

1016
00:36:57,750 --> 00:36:55,760
uh let's see we'll come back to that in

1017
00:37:00,390 --> 00:36:57,760
a moment but uh

1018
00:37:02,630 --> 00:37:00,400
let me just say then that of the

1019
00:37:04,150 --> 00:37:02,640
data set that i showed you a minute ago

1020
00:37:06,310 --> 00:37:04,160
here are the key parameters we're after

1021
00:37:08,790 --> 00:37:06,320
we only have d2h and

1022
00:37:10,790 --> 00:37:08,800
three such comets in this group that i'm

1023
00:37:12,550 --> 00:37:10,800
showing the temp spin temperatures in a

1024
00:37:13,430 --> 00:37:12,560
few comets

1025
00:37:15,750 --> 00:37:13,440
and

1026
00:37:18,310 --> 00:37:15,760
in those comets we also have good uh

1027
00:37:21,270 --> 00:37:18,320
organic composition so

1028
00:37:23,190 --> 00:37:21,280
very crudely and and perhaps incorrectly

1029
00:37:24,790 --> 00:37:23,200
we don't know for this for sure but

1030
00:37:26,950 --> 00:37:24,800
there's a suggestion

1031
00:37:28,950 --> 00:37:26,960
that the high temperature comets that

1032
00:37:31,589 --> 00:37:28,960
show high spin temperatures are the ones

1033
00:37:35,109 --> 00:37:31,599
that have depleted organics

1034
00:37:37,589 --> 00:37:35,119
the very lowest temperature spin uh

1035
00:37:39,349 --> 00:37:37,599
if you like is t spin about 21

1036
00:37:41,910 --> 00:37:39,359
kelvin which suggests they they were

1037
00:37:44,310 --> 00:37:41,920
have very high uh

1038
00:37:45,990 --> 00:37:44,320
uh are enriched in organics

1039
00:37:47,829 --> 00:37:46,000
and the organic normal seem to be

1040
00:37:51,349 --> 00:37:47,839
intermediate

1041
00:37:53,430 --> 00:37:51,359
very very incomplete data set it's

1042
00:37:55,670 --> 00:37:53,440
expanding rapidly but in the next five

1043
00:37:57,829 --> 00:37:55,680
years we intend to fill this in

1044
00:37:59,910 --> 00:37:57,839
extensively and hopefully we'll have a

1045
00:38:01,750 --> 00:37:59,920
far more definitive

1046
00:38:05,430 --> 00:38:01,760
story to tell you about that this is

1047
00:38:07,750 --> 00:38:05,440
work in progress at the present time

1048
00:38:09,990 --> 00:38:07,760
okay i'm just going to flash this uh

1049
00:38:11,750 --> 00:38:10,000
chart you can actually uh read this once

1050
00:38:14,790 --> 00:38:11,760
the powerpoint is

1051
00:38:16,550 --> 00:38:14,800
is posted but basically as a synopsis of

1052
00:38:20,230 --> 00:38:16,560
what we've learned so far and what i've

1053
00:38:22,230 --> 00:38:20,240
told you and where we're going in future

1054
00:38:24,790 --> 00:38:22,240
now the second ground truth we should

1055
00:38:26,630 --> 00:38:24,800
turn to is not remote observations but

1056
00:38:29,990 --> 00:38:26,640
observations uh measurements in the

1057
00:38:32,470 --> 00:38:30,000
laboratory on on authentic samples

1058
00:38:35,190 --> 00:38:32,480
especially of extraterrestrial organics

1059
00:38:37,030 --> 00:38:35,200
returned by meteorites and also by

1060
00:38:38,310 --> 00:38:37,040
stardust samples

1061
00:38:40,950 --> 00:38:38,320
i think you've

1062
00:38:44,630 --> 00:38:40,960
heard some of some aspects of

1063
00:38:46,470 --> 00:38:44,640
similar work from the carnegie team

1064
00:38:48,230 --> 00:38:46,480
when george presented his summary

1065
00:38:50,390 --> 00:38:48,240
earlier on

1066
00:38:51,990 --> 00:38:50,400
uh in any case this is being done now in

1067
00:38:55,190 --> 00:38:52,000
the advanced uh we call it the

1068
00:38:56,630 --> 00:38:55,200
astrobiology analysis lab uh here at

1069
00:38:59,270 --> 00:38:56,640
goddard

1070
00:39:01,349 --> 00:38:59,280
uh under the direction of jason dworkin

1071
00:39:04,390 --> 00:39:01,359
with collaborators showing down here

1072
00:39:07,030 --> 00:39:04,400
mike callahan is a postdoc uh

1073
00:39:08,470 --> 00:39:07,040
jamie also a cook and danny glavin zito

1074
00:39:10,470 --> 00:39:08,480
martin and

1075
00:39:12,790 --> 00:39:10,480
jen stern

1076
00:39:15,670 --> 00:39:12,800
and uh what

1077
00:39:19,430 --> 00:39:15,680
we actually started with a bare bones uh

1078
00:39:20,630 --> 00:39:19,440
derelict lab four years ago five years

1079
00:39:23,750 --> 00:39:20,640
ago and

1080
00:39:25,910 --> 00:39:23,760
then jason converted that into a

1081
00:39:28,390 --> 00:39:25,920
state-of-the-art

1082
00:39:29,750 --> 00:39:28,400
uh laboratory for analysis of complex

1083
00:39:33,270 --> 00:39:29,760
organics

1084
00:39:34,950 --> 00:39:33,280
uh in these samples

1085
00:39:37,109 --> 00:39:34,960
uh let's take an example of something

1086
00:39:40,870 --> 00:39:37,119
that he's uh

1087
00:39:44,069 --> 00:39:43,030
using the stardust

1088
00:39:47,190 --> 00:39:44,079
uh

1089
00:39:49,349 --> 00:39:47,200
oil samples not the actual grain samples

1090
00:39:51,990 --> 00:39:49,359
themselves or grain tracks

1091
00:39:54,870 --> 00:39:52,000
but uh taking samples of aluminum foil

1092
00:39:56,950 --> 00:39:54,880
that were actually uh used to

1093
00:40:00,150 --> 00:39:56,960
isolate the

1094
00:40:01,430 --> 00:40:00,160
cells and also to

1095
00:40:02,790 --> 00:40:01,440
essentially

1096
00:40:05,030 --> 00:40:02,800
protect them

1097
00:40:07,349 --> 00:40:05,040
but in many cases these things are

1098
00:40:08,470 --> 00:40:07,359
impacted by cometary

1099
00:40:10,470 --> 00:40:08,480
gases

1100
00:40:12,390 --> 00:40:10,480
and occasionally grains

1101
00:40:15,510 --> 00:40:12,400
and the point is on the back side of

1102
00:40:18,630 --> 00:40:15,520
these cells actually found evidence for

1103
00:40:20,870 --> 00:40:18,640
uh two uh different uh compounds

1104
00:40:23,589 --> 00:40:20,880
methylamine and ethylamine

1105
00:40:25,990 --> 00:40:23,599
here and here and uh

1106
00:40:28,710 --> 00:40:26,000
there's some possibility that these were

1107
00:40:31,190 --> 00:40:28,720
in fact uh either reacted within the

1108
00:40:33,270 --> 00:40:31,200
foil from methane and ammonia

1109
00:40:34,630 --> 00:40:33,280
injected by the comet or

1110
00:40:36,069 --> 00:40:34,640
actually could have been present as

1111
00:40:38,150 --> 00:40:36,079
these compounds in the cometary

1112
00:40:40,069 --> 00:40:38,160
atmosphere itself i think jason's

1113
00:40:42,150 --> 00:40:40,079
standing by to ask answer questions

1114
00:40:44,230 --> 00:40:42,160
about that if you'd like to ask sent any

1115
00:40:45,990 --> 00:40:44,240
during the question period

1116
00:40:49,109 --> 00:40:46,000
lately they've been looking for uh

1117
00:40:50,829 --> 00:40:49,119
cometary glycine

1118
00:40:54,550 --> 00:40:50,839
uh and a

1119
00:40:57,589 --> 00:40:54,560
particular this is

1120
00:41:01,030 --> 00:40:57,599
the isotopic enrichment for

1121
00:41:04,790 --> 00:41:01,040
uh delta 13c in glycine

1122
00:41:06,950 --> 00:41:04,800
as uh derived by jamie elsala

1123
00:41:08,630 --> 00:41:06,960
and what you'll notice is that uh it

1124
00:41:10,230 --> 00:41:08,640
does appear to have an extraterrestrial

1125
00:41:11,990 --> 00:41:10,240
signature

1126
00:41:15,510 --> 00:41:12,000
uh this has now been submitted for

1127
00:41:18,230 --> 00:41:15,520
publication uh i think uh two weeks ago

1128
00:41:20,150 --> 00:41:18,240
uh and so this work is uh

1129
00:41:21,750 --> 00:41:20,160
proprietary and should not be

1130
00:41:24,550 --> 00:41:21,760
distributed further

1131
00:41:26,390 --> 00:41:24,560
uh until after it has been accepted and

1132
00:41:28,309 --> 00:41:26,400
pre-points are distributed

1133
00:41:30,230 --> 00:41:28,319
uh so have a good look at this slide you

1134
00:41:31,109 --> 00:41:30,240
will not see it in our public version of

1135
00:41:32,790 --> 00:41:31,119
the

1136
00:41:34,950 --> 00:41:32,800
talk to be

1137
00:41:37,670 --> 00:41:34,960
placed on the website

1138
00:41:39,910 --> 00:41:37,680
but uh the net uh you should take away

1139
00:41:41,190 --> 00:41:39,920
messages that there is glycine present

1140
00:41:42,550 --> 00:41:41,200
in the sample

1141
00:41:44,950 --> 00:41:42,560
uh and it does appear to have an

1142
00:41:47,270 --> 00:41:44,960
extraterrestrial signature it is not

1143
00:41:48,069 --> 00:41:47,280
depleted in

1144
00:41:49,910 --> 00:41:48,079
c

1145
00:41:51,589 --> 00:41:49,920
by the 20 to 70 part tremel that you

1146
00:41:55,910 --> 00:41:51,599
would normally expect for

1147
00:42:01,430 --> 00:41:59,270
now one result that in fact is published

1148
00:42:03,349 --> 00:42:01,440
is this one by

1149
00:42:04,870 --> 00:42:03,359
glavine and dworkin in which they look

1150
00:42:07,030 --> 00:42:04,880
for uh

1151
00:42:09,510 --> 00:42:07,040
enantiomeric excesses

1152
00:42:11,349 --> 00:42:09,520
and amino acids in meteoritics

1153
00:42:13,270 --> 00:42:11,359
particularly the

1154
00:42:15,190 --> 00:42:13,280
carbonaceous chondrites

1155
00:42:16,390 --> 00:42:15,200
murchison which is a cm and several

1156
00:42:18,950 --> 00:42:16,400
others

1157
00:42:20,390 --> 00:42:18,960
and the key point is that they have in

1158
00:42:24,230 --> 00:42:20,400
fact

1159
00:42:25,750 --> 00:42:24,240
seen a very large excess in

1160
00:42:28,630 --> 00:42:25,760
surveilling

1161
00:42:31,670 --> 00:42:28,640
reported at 18 percent

1162
00:42:34,950 --> 00:42:31,680
and uh is largest uh scene to date they

1163
00:42:36,550 --> 00:42:34,960
now have um l to the access ratios and

1164
00:42:39,990 --> 00:42:36,560
and i think it's four

1165
00:42:41,910 --> 00:42:40,000
uh examples of uh perimeter meteorites

1166
00:42:43,829 --> 00:42:41,920
you can read this in pnas it just came

1167
00:42:47,030 --> 00:42:43,839
out or it's about to it's online now in

1168
00:42:48,069 --> 00:42:47,040
the penis under laven and dworkin

1169
00:42:50,550 --> 00:42:48,079
and uh

1170
00:42:52,470 --> 00:42:50,560
earlier uh papers were published on some

1171
00:42:53,990 --> 00:42:52,480
aspects of the work but this is the

1172
00:42:58,069 --> 00:42:54,000
definitive work

1173
00:42:59,270 --> 00:42:58,079
one of the keys was to identify um

1174
00:43:01,270 --> 00:42:59,280
a uh

1175
00:43:02,710 --> 00:43:01,280
i guess it's actually later on in

1176
00:43:06,710 --> 00:43:02,720
another view graph which i'll show you

1177
00:43:09,829 --> 00:43:06,720
but there can be another uh

1178
00:43:12,790 --> 00:43:09,839
organic which eludes together with uh ly

1179
00:43:14,870 --> 00:43:12,800
surveillane which they successfully uh

1180
00:43:17,510 --> 00:43:14,880
isolated and separated

1181
00:43:19,750 --> 00:43:17,520
which permits uh unique conclusions

1182
00:43:22,309 --> 00:43:19,760
shown here

1183
00:43:25,030 --> 00:43:22,319
okay then other aspects of work that's

1184
00:43:27,990 --> 00:43:25,040
going on is to look at specific isotopic

1185
00:43:30,630 --> 00:43:28,000
analyses this is with the

1186
00:43:32,470 --> 00:43:30,640
isotope ratio mass spectrometer which

1187
00:43:35,510 --> 00:43:32,480
goddard funded this was not funded

1188
00:43:38,069 --> 00:43:35,520
through nai most of the early

1189
00:43:39,430 --> 00:43:38,079
analytical tools were funded through the

1190
00:43:41,510 --> 00:43:39,440
gca

1191
00:43:43,510 --> 00:43:41,520
team budget summed by goddard through

1192
00:43:46,550 --> 00:43:43,520
matching funds and so on

1193
00:43:47,750 --> 00:43:46,560
but the new irms is uh funded wholly by

1194
00:43:50,069 --> 00:43:47,760
goddard

1195
00:43:52,710 --> 00:43:50,079
uh and again here's the process to look

1196
00:43:55,349 --> 00:43:52,720
for these n heterocycles

1197
00:43:57,750 --> 00:43:55,359
and then establish their isotopic ratios

1198
00:43:59,430 --> 00:43:57,760
and this is compare those with rna

1199
00:44:01,670 --> 00:43:59,440
molecules and so forth

1200
00:44:04,470 --> 00:44:01,680
and you can see that already there's uh

1201
00:44:07,109 --> 00:44:04,480
work going on uh that has identified

1202
00:44:10,710 --> 00:44:07,119
uracil and xanthine with

1203
00:44:12,710 --> 00:44:10,720
excesses of carbon 13 by about 38 to 45

1204
00:44:15,109 --> 00:44:12,720
parts per mil

1205
00:44:16,069 --> 00:44:15,119
and you can uh see

1206
00:44:19,430 --> 00:44:16,079
earlier

1207
00:44:20,870 --> 00:44:19,440
work was published by zeta martins and

1208
00:44:22,390 --> 00:44:20,880
collaborators here

1209
00:44:25,270 --> 00:44:22,400
anna carnegie

1210
00:44:27,030 --> 00:44:25,280
through marilyn douglas group

1211
00:44:29,190 --> 00:44:27,040
in that i think she's involved in that

1212
00:44:31,349 --> 00:44:29,200
paper as well

1213
00:44:33,589 --> 00:44:31,359
now another aspect of this lab is to

1214
00:44:36,710 --> 00:44:33,599
look at the complex organics and

1215
00:44:38,630 --> 00:44:36,720
extraterrestrial analogs and

1216
00:44:40,790 --> 00:44:38,640
of course many of you your teams are

1217
00:44:43,430 --> 00:44:40,800
involved in the asap program which danny

1218
00:44:45,349 --> 00:44:43,440
glavin coordinated and led

1219
00:44:46,950 --> 00:44:45,359
so some of that work is uh

1220
00:44:48,950 --> 00:44:46,960
reflected in the public

1221
00:44:51,990 --> 00:44:48,960
that came out of this lab

1222
00:44:54,550 --> 00:44:52,000
uh also looking at some uh work samples

1223
00:44:56,790 --> 00:44:54,560
returned by jen eigenbroad

1224
00:44:58,630 --> 00:44:56,800
from her uh

1225
00:45:00,870 --> 00:44:58,640
the latest valbard expedition she

1226
00:45:02,710 --> 00:45:00,880
collected certain ice samples

1227
00:45:04,390 --> 00:45:02,720
uh and those are being analyzed here

1228
00:45:06,069 --> 00:45:04,400
plus something out of common desert and

1229
00:45:08,710 --> 00:45:06,079
so forth again amino acids and

1230
00:45:10,710 --> 00:45:08,720
nucleobases and so forth and so on

1231
00:45:13,430 --> 00:45:10,720
and finally uh

1232
00:45:16,309 --> 00:45:13,440
analysis of amino acids from the

1233
00:45:19,430 --> 00:45:16,319
historical the residue left from stanley

1234
00:45:21,270 --> 00:45:19,440
miller's historical

1235
00:45:23,190 --> 00:45:21,280
spark discharge experiments which was

1236
00:45:25,510 --> 00:45:23,200
published recently

1237
00:45:28,230 --> 00:45:25,520
and which many of you have undoubtedly

1238
00:45:32,069 --> 00:45:29,910
something new that's going on is this

1239
00:45:34,470 --> 00:45:32,079
development of nanoflow liquid

1240
00:45:35,990 --> 00:45:34,480
chromatographic analysis for

1241
00:45:37,109 --> 00:45:36,000
trace detection

1242
00:45:39,190 --> 00:45:37,119
there's a little sketch of the

1243
00:45:42,230 --> 00:45:39,200
instrument in the upper left

1244
00:45:44,069 --> 00:45:42,240
is rather specialized and so not of

1245
00:45:45,030 --> 00:45:44,079
interest to most people in the institute

1246
00:45:46,710 --> 00:45:45,040
but

1247
00:45:48,309 --> 00:45:46,720
perhaps three of the instrument teams

1248
00:45:49,670 --> 00:45:48,319
doing this kind of work will find this

1249
00:45:50,870 --> 00:45:49,680
interesting i encourage you to look at

1250
00:45:54,309 --> 00:45:50,880
this uh

1251
00:45:55,750 --> 00:45:54,319
in greater detail on on the uh published

1252
00:45:57,910 --> 00:45:55,760
powerpoint uh

1253
00:46:00,069 --> 00:45:57,920
presentation but on the right for

1254
00:46:03,589 --> 00:46:00,079
everyone else just note that

1255
00:46:06,550 --> 00:46:03,599
the standard analysis of this particular

1256
00:46:07,510 --> 00:46:06,560
amino isobutyric acid at 10 minus 15

1257
00:46:10,790 --> 00:46:07,520
level

1258
00:46:13,030 --> 00:46:10,800
shows a very weak peak at this position

1259
00:46:14,870 --> 00:46:13,040
but with this new nanoflow analysis you

1260
00:46:16,790 --> 00:46:14,880
can then see that the same

1261
00:46:20,470 --> 00:46:16,800
uh

1262
00:46:22,790 --> 00:46:20,480
material

1263
00:46:24,630 --> 00:46:22,800
shows a much stronger and far a better

1264
00:46:26,150 --> 00:46:24,640
signal noise ratio on this peak and

1265
00:46:27,430 --> 00:46:26,160
therefore is showing much higher

1266
00:46:29,349 --> 00:46:27,440
sensitivity

1267
00:46:32,069 --> 00:46:29,359
so this uh this is actually quite uh

1268
00:46:34,069 --> 00:46:32,079
exciting because it demonstrates that uh

1269
00:46:37,990 --> 00:46:34,079
sensitivity by this approach is

1270
00:46:42,630 --> 00:46:40,630
let's move on to uh the second uh well

1271
00:46:44,390 --> 00:46:42,640
really the third class of uh ground

1272
00:46:45,750 --> 00:46:44,400
truths which i would say are

1273
00:46:47,829 --> 00:46:45,760
lunar samples

1274
00:46:49,349 --> 00:46:47,839
and these are actually uh rich walker

1275
00:46:51,430 --> 00:46:49,359
mccoy at the university of maryland and

1276
00:46:55,190 --> 00:46:51,440
the geosciences department

1277
00:46:57,750 --> 00:46:55,200
is uh actually pursuing this line of

1278
00:46:59,030 --> 00:46:57,760
evidence on under gca funding through

1279
00:47:00,950 --> 00:46:59,040
nai

1280
00:47:02,870 --> 00:47:00,960
uh what they're really doing is they

1281
00:47:05,589 --> 00:47:02,880
basically are after this question of

1282
00:47:07,589 --> 00:47:05,599
masses compositions and timing

1283
00:47:09,829 --> 00:47:07,599
of material added to the earth moon

1284
00:47:11,190 --> 00:47:09,839
system late on so this goes back and

1285
00:47:13,109 --> 00:47:11,200
relates to the

1286
00:47:15,109 --> 00:47:13,119
if you like the depletion of the

1287
00:47:16,950 --> 00:47:15,119
asteroid belt primitive asteroid belt

1288
00:47:18,230 --> 00:47:16,960
that was mentioned when i discussed how

1289
00:47:20,630 --> 00:47:18,240
levison's

1290
00:47:22,069 --> 00:47:20,640
work in the with the nice model

1291
00:47:24,150 --> 00:47:22,079
and so

1292
00:47:26,470 --> 00:47:24,160
the issue of what was delivered at that

1293
00:47:28,150 --> 00:47:26,480
time they come only from asteroids and

1294
00:47:29,589 --> 00:47:28,160
some come from the outer disk and so

1295
00:47:31,349 --> 00:47:29,599
forth and so on

1296
00:47:33,030 --> 00:47:31,359
is a keen interest we'd like to know

1297
00:47:35,910 --> 00:47:33,040
whether they also brought organic

1298
00:47:37,430 --> 00:47:35,920
molecules to the earth do any survive

1299
00:47:40,309 --> 00:47:37,440
on the moon uh that would have been

1300
00:47:42,309 --> 00:47:40,319
delivered at the same time

1301
00:47:44,950 --> 00:47:42,319
so the methodology is fairly well

1302
00:47:47,349 --> 00:47:44,960
understood you basically crunch

1303
00:47:49,750 --> 00:47:47,359
a precious sample and then carefully

1304
00:47:50,710 --> 00:47:49,760
painstakingly pick out the pieces of

1305
00:47:54,309 --> 00:47:50,720
interest

1306
00:47:55,829 --> 00:47:54,319
and then begin to look at those uh by

1307
00:47:58,230 --> 00:47:55,839
doing these uh determining their

1308
00:48:00,150 --> 00:47:58,240
elemental and isotopic ratios and these

1309
00:48:01,910 --> 00:48:00,160
individual rocks

1310
00:48:03,829 --> 00:48:01,920
and so here's an example on the right

1311
00:48:05,109 --> 00:48:03,839
chart of this classes of data that were

1312
00:48:07,670 --> 00:48:05,119
determined by

1313
00:48:09,430 --> 00:48:07,680
igor putchtel who was supported by gca

1314
00:48:11,829 --> 00:48:09,440
funds

1315
00:48:13,990 --> 00:48:11,839
working on these samples with rich

1316
00:48:17,270 --> 00:48:14,000
and what you can see is that for a given

1317
00:48:18,630 --> 00:48:17,280
sample you get specific ratios but as

1318
00:48:20,550 --> 00:48:18,640
you go to

1319
00:48:22,630 --> 00:48:20,560
additional ones then you develop a slope

1320
00:48:24,630 --> 00:48:22,640
a mixing line if you like

1321
00:48:27,510 --> 00:48:24,640
which gives you the slope of which by

1322
00:48:29,990 --> 00:48:27,520
comparison then gives you the ratios

1323
00:48:31,510 --> 00:48:30,000
of the various elements in these

1324
00:48:34,309 --> 00:48:31,520
particular

1325
00:48:35,510 --> 00:48:34,319
group of samples so in this case showing

1326
00:48:39,030 --> 00:48:35,520
iridium

1327
00:48:40,630 --> 00:48:39,040
versus these other compounds

1328
00:48:43,030 --> 00:48:40,640
then once you have that you can then

1329
00:48:44,630 --> 00:48:43,040
compare those with primitive meteorites

1330
00:48:47,109 --> 00:48:44,640
here for example is

1331
00:48:48,630 --> 00:48:47,119
another measure of the osmium isotopic

1332
00:48:50,790 --> 00:48:48,640
ratios for

1333
00:48:53,109 --> 00:48:50,800
carbonaceous versus ordinary and then

1334
00:48:55,990 --> 00:48:53,119
static chondrites on the left

1335
00:48:58,549 --> 00:48:56,000
and then the primitive earth primitive

1336
00:49:00,790 --> 00:48:58,559
earth mantle shown here and what you see

1337
00:49:03,670 --> 00:49:00,800
is the apollo samples have a range of

1338
00:49:06,069 --> 00:49:03,680
values that represent different classes

1339
00:49:08,630 --> 00:49:06,079
of impacting bodies

1340
00:49:10,630 --> 00:49:08,640
uh there's an issue though as to what is

1341
00:49:13,030 --> 00:49:10,640
uh the what's the implication of these

1342
00:49:14,230 --> 00:49:13,040
non-zero intercepts down here

1343
00:49:16,309 --> 00:49:14,240
because if

1344
00:49:17,829 --> 00:49:16,319
if the feedstock were only at one type

1345
00:49:18,870 --> 00:49:17,839
they should all go through zero you

1346
00:49:21,430 --> 00:49:18,880
would think

1347
00:49:22,549 --> 00:49:21,440
and so the non-zero intercept is being

1348
00:49:24,950 --> 00:49:22,559
pursued

1349
00:49:25,990 --> 00:49:24,960
present time as possible evidence for a

1350
00:49:27,190 --> 00:49:26,000
second

1351
00:49:28,790 --> 00:49:27,200
impactor

1352
00:49:30,549 --> 00:49:28,800
and one way of doing that is to look at

1353
00:49:36,549 --> 00:49:30,559
pristine lunar rocks

1354
00:49:40,309 --> 00:49:37,589
spikes

1355
00:49:42,309 --> 00:49:40,319
these other any uh contributions of

1356
00:49:43,349 --> 00:49:42,319
another impactor in them

1357
00:49:46,069 --> 00:49:43,359
uh

1358
00:49:47,910 --> 00:49:46,079
these are hsc is just highly sederophile

1359
00:49:49,910 --> 00:49:47,920
elements a fancy word for those of you

1360
00:49:53,510 --> 00:49:49,920
who don't work in this field

1361
00:49:53,520 --> 00:49:56,710
the uh

1362
00:50:01,270 --> 00:49:59,109
it shouldn't be here

1363
00:50:02,790 --> 00:50:01,280
uh in any case uh so

1364
00:50:05,109 --> 00:50:02,800
you're going along and trying to figure

1365
00:50:06,470 --> 00:50:05,119
all this out and uh

1366
00:50:08,470 --> 00:50:06,480
that is the next step which will be

1367
00:50:10,390 --> 00:50:08,480
pursued in the next few years under gca

1368
00:50:12,470 --> 00:50:10,400
funding

1369
00:50:15,109 --> 00:50:12,480
now let's move on to uh

1370
00:50:17,270 --> 00:50:15,119
not the ground truths uh provided by

1371
00:50:19,910 --> 00:50:17,280
natural samples but uh

1372
00:50:21,349 --> 00:50:19,920
by uh the study of processes in the

1373
00:50:23,670 --> 00:50:21,359
laboratory

1374
00:50:26,549 --> 00:50:23,680
that could be analogs for

1375
00:50:28,309 --> 00:50:26,559
uh radiation processing of cosmic ices

1376
00:50:31,670 --> 00:50:28,319
on the first

1377
00:50:33,030 --> 00:50:31,680
instance or a cosmic or

1378
00:50:35,270 --> 00:50:33,040
things we're learning about dust

1379
00:50:37,750 --> 00:50:35,280
formation and organics

1380
00:50:39,349 --> 00:50:37,760
related to dust in the second instance

1381
00:50:41,349 --> 00:50:39,359
so first the lab

1382
00:50:43,109 --> 00:50:41,359
headed by marla moore now reggie hudson

1383
00:50:45,270 --> 00:50:43,119
who's been a co-i for many years is now

1384
00:50:47,990 --> 00:50:45,280
here at goddard as a civil servant

1385
00:50:51,510 --> 00:50:48,000
uh john peters and fabianez probably

1386
00:50:53,109 --> 00:50:51,520
working both here with marlon also with

1387
00:50:55,430 --> 00:50:53,119
lee mundy at the university of maryland

1388
00:50:58,790 --> 00:50:55,440
on uh

1389
00:51:01,349 --> 00:50:58,800
material and particularly acetylene and

1390
00:51:03,829 --> 00:51:01,359
disks around the young stars so claudia

1391
00:51:05,270 --> 00:51:03,839
now bridges the laboratory work here at

1392
00:51:07,510 --> 00:51:05,280
goddard with the some of the

1393
00:51:09,030 --> 00:51:07,520
observational work going on at uh

1394
00:51:11,349 --> 00:51:09,040
at maryland

1395
00:51:15,349 --> 00:51:11,359
and zahn of course is a former student

1396
00:51:17,670 --> 00:51:15,359
of uh moscow aaron friends uh at uh

1397
00:51:20,870 --> 00:51:17,680
uh leiden who is uh now associated with

1398
00:51:23,109 --> 00:51:20,880
the wisconsin team and also ours but uh

1399
00:51:24,549 --> 00:51:23,119
it's actually here at george washington

1400
00:51:26,870 --> 00:51:24,559
university

1401
00:51:29,270 --> 00:51:26,880
in washington area

1402
00:51:30,630 --> 00:51:29,280
okay so basically uh what's what we have

1403
00:51:33,109 --> 00:51:30,640
here is a

1404
00:51:34,950 --> 00:51:33,119
unique facility at goddard which has a

1405
00:51:38,309 --> 00:51:34,960
proton accelerator

1406
00:51:40,710 --> 00:51:38,319
uh and marla and uh is able to direct a

1407
00:51:43,589 --> 00:51:40,720
2 mev proton beam

1408
00:51:45,510 --> 00:51:43,599
into a sample chamber in which she has

1409
00:51:48,870 --> 00:51:45,520
deposited

1410
00:51:50,710 --> 00:51:48,880
mixtures of pure ices at

1411
00:51:52,069 --> 00:51:50,720
a specific low temperature

1412
00:51:54,150 --> 00:51:52,079
typically a starting temperature on the

1413
00:51:55,589 --> 00:51:54,160
order of a few tens of kelvin

1414
00:51:57,430 --> 00:51:55,599
she can then

1415
00:52:00,069 --> 00:51:57,440
choose to irradiate that with a proton

1416
00:52:02,870 --> 00:52:00,079
beam or with a kilovolt electron beam to

1417
00:52:05,510 --> 00:52:02,880
simulate x-ray processing or with uv

1418
00:52:07,990 --> 00:52:05,520
photons to simulate uv processing so any

1419
00:52:10,150 --> 00:52:08,000
one of these can be dealt with

1420
00:52:11,910 --> 00:52:10,160
in order to try to

1421
00:52:16,710 --> 00:52:11,920
separate the kinds of

1422
00:52:20,630 --> 00:52:19,510
let's say complex organics of one type

1423
00:52:23,349 --> 00:52:20,640
or another

1424
00:52:25,030 --> 00:52:23,359
so let's look at some examples

1425
00:52:27,349 --> 00:52:25,040
one of the most exciting things that's

1426
00:52:29,030 --> 00:52:27,359
happened recently is that this this a

1427
00:52:31,670 --> 00:52:29,040
here is a picture of the feedstock and

1428
00:52:33,670 --> 00:52:31,680
her apparatus you can see kind of a

1429
00:52:36,630 --> 00:52:33,680
brownish coating

1430
00:52:38,549 --> 00:52:36,640
left on this feedstock after she's

1431
00:52:42,230 --> 00:52:38,559
finished irradiating that she's

1432
00:52:44,150 --> 00:52:42,240
vaporized any processed dices that have

1433
00:52:46,470 --> 00:52:44,160
been formed and analyzed those both

1434
00:52:48,950 --> 00:52:46,480
first to virus absorption spectroscopy

1435
00:52:49,910 --> 00:52:48,960
then after vaporization with gcms and so

1436
00:52:51,750 --> 00:52:49,920
on

1437
00:52:53,910 --> 00:52:51,760
but now what has frustrated people in

1438
00:52:55,510 --> 00:52:53,920
the past was not being able to analyze

1439
00:52:57,829 --> 00:52:55,520
the residue

1440
00:53:00,549 --> 00:52:57,839
uh that has now changed and so what

1441
00:53:03,109 --> 00:53:00,559
happens now is she uh

1442
00:53:05,750 --> 00:53:03,119
reduces this provides a scrapings of

1443
00:53:07,670 --> 00:53:05,760
this residue an aliquot is uh formed

1444
00:53:09,990 --> 00:53:07,680
it's passed through the organic the

1445
00:53:11,030 --> 00:53:10,000
astrobiology analytical

1446
00:53:15,430 --> 00:53:11,040
uh

1447
00:53:17,109 --> 00:53:15,440
and the actual materials identified in

1448
00:53:18,549 --> 00:53:17,119
that are identified

1449
00:53:20,390 --> 00:53:18,559
and this has actually produced some very

1450
00:53:22,390 --> 00:53:20,400
very exciting results

1451
00:53:24,470 --> 00:53:22,400
uh in particular

1452
00:53:27,349 --> 00:53:24,480
uh one of the key things is that it's

1453
00:53:29,910 --> 00:53:27,359
shown that there was in fact a rich

1454
00:53:30,950 --> 00:53:29,920
array of amino acids c5 amino acids for

1455
00:53:33,270 --> 00:53:30,960
example

1456
00:53:34,390 --> 00:53:33,280
are formed in these residues identified

1457
00:53:36,950 --> 00:53:34,400
by

1458
00:53:39,510 --> 00:53:36,960
jason as collaborators in their lab

1459
00:53:42,150 --> 00:53:39,520
but to the great surprise there was a

1460
00:53:43,750 --> 00:53:42,160
great excess in life surveilling over d

1461
00:53:46,150 --> 00:53:43,760
isovalene

1462
00:53:47,750 --> 00:53:46,160
once this was actually looked at more

1463
00:53:50,349 --> 00:53:47,760
carefully it was then realized that

1464
00:53:52,309 --> 00:53:50,359
there was an eluding compound this three

1465
00:53:53,990 --> 00:53:52,319
aminopentanoic acid

1466
00:53:57,190 --> 00:53:54,000
which was coming off at the same time as

1467
00:53:59,109 --> 00:53:57,200
the el isovalene and actually giving

1468
00:54:02,950 --> 00:53:59,119
rise to a

1469
00:54:04,630 --> 00:54:02,960
spurious excess here but even so uh

1470
00:54:06,309 --> 00:54:04,640
once that has been done the excess does

1471
00:54:09,750 --> 00:54:06,319
remain in the case of the merchant

1472
00:54:12,790 --> 00:54:09,760
meteorite and so forth all as well

1473
00:54:14,710 --> 00:54:12,800
now not being content with uh doing uh

1474
00:54:16,710 --> 00:54:14,720
first-line work on

1475
00:54:19,030 --> 00:54:16,720
processing of isis that might find their

1476
00:54:20,710 --> 00:54:19,040
ways into comets

1477
00:54:22,630 --> 00:54:20,720
reggie and marla are also working

1478
00:54:25,349 --> 00:54:22,640
intensely on

1479
00:54:26,790 --> 00:54:25,359
ices that uh could be processed in the

1480
00:54:28,470 --> 00:54:26,800
titan system

1481
00:54:29,589 --> 00:54:28,480
which is uh we all know is one of the

1482
00:54:32,150 --> 00:54:29,599
key uh

1483
00:54:34,549 --> 00:54:32,160
focus groups uh within the uh the icy

1484
00:54:36,710 --> 00:54:34,559
worlds focus group within the nai

1485
00:54:38,950 --> 00:54:36,720
so this work uh is i think uh is going

1486
00:54:40,870 --> 00:54:38,960
on now it's many nitriles are being

1487
00:54:43,589 --> 00:54:40,880
produced along with

1488
00:54:45,829 --> 00:54:43,599
rice amino acids and so forth and this

1489
00:54:48,309 --> 00:54:45,839
is going to be you can have a quick look

1490
00:54:50,069 --> 00:54:48,319
at this by this paper and astrobiology

1491
00:54:51,990 --> 00:54:50,079
in 2008

1492
00:54:53,750 --> 00:54:52,000
but there's much more to come and we

1493
00:54:55,589 --> 00:54:53,760
don't have time to talk about today but

1494
00:54:57,030 --> 00:54:55,599
marla's here in the room and she could

1495
00:55:01,430 --> 00:54:57,040
certainly answer questions for anyone

1496
00:55:03,109 --> 00:55:01,440
who wishes after this uh seminar ends

1497
00:55:05,190 --> 00:55:03,119
all right so i'm gonna we're running out

1498
00:55:07,910 --> 00:55:05,200
of time but of course carl took 15

1499
00:55:10,150 --> 00:55:07,920
minutes to begin with so

1500
00:55:12,230 --> 00:55:10,160
no just teasing but

1501
00:55:14,549 --> 00:55:12,240
the cosmic dust lab

1502
00:55:17,510 --> 00:55:14,559
joe huth has been looking at the issue

1503
00:55:21,829 --> 00:55:17,520
of fisher trump's reactions

1504
00:55:23,910 --> 00:55:21,839
on a dust range that might catalyze

1505
00:55:25,030 --> 00:55:23,920
production organics from co and methane

1506
00:55:27,190 --> 00:55:25,040
in the early

1507
00:55:29,990 --> 00:55:27,200
protoplanetary disk

1508
00:55:31,589 --> 00:55:30,000
and uh to make a long story quite brief

1509
00:55:35,190 --> 00:55:31,599
what he finds is that as soon as you

1510
00:55:36,710 --> 00:55:35,200
make an organic coating on the the grain

1511
00:55:39,190 --> 00:55:36,720
the coating itself becomes a better

1512
00:55:41,589 --> 00:55:39,200
catalyst than the grain was

1513
00:55:43,109 --> 00:55:41,599
no matter what the grain material

1514
00:55:46,309 --> 00:55:43,119
that you started with

1515
00:55:49,589 --> 00:55:46,319
and so these are examples of what they

1516
00:55:52,390 --> 00:55:49,599
do they actually have these long time

1517
00:55:54,390 --> 00:55:52,400
uh sequences where they look at the uh

1518
00:55:57,270 --> 00:55:54,400
build up of this

1519
00:55:57,990 --> 00:55:57,280
organic coating and then the

1520
00:56:01,510 --> 00:55:58,000
the

1521
00:56:02,710 --> 00:56:01,520
chemicals that are produced

1522
00:56:03,510 --> 00:56:02,720
and then that

1523
00:56:05,349 --> 00:56:03,520
is

1524
00:56:07,910 --> 00:56:05,359
shown here that

1525
00:56:10,069 --> 00:56:07,920
as the reaction proceeds basically

1526
00:56:13,109 --> 00:56:10,079
the coating itself is a better catalyst

1527
00:56:15,190 --> 00:56:13,119
initial substrate

1528
00:56:16,549 --> 00:56:15,200
maybe that's not so

1529
00:56:18,069 --> 00:56:16,559
that should have been intuitive in the

1530
00:56:19,750 --> 00:56:18,079
sense that

1531
00:56:22,390 --> 00:56:19,760
in order to have reactions you normally

1532
00:56:24,870 --> 00:56:22,400
have to have hydrogen bonding going on

1533
00:56:26,630 --> 00:56:24,880
initially to hold things there so

1534
00:56:29,829 --> 00:56:26,640
generally

1535
00:56:31,750 --> 00:56:29,839
silicon or magnesium silicates or

1536
00:56:34,309 --> 00:56:31,760
graphite would have

1537
00:56:36,309 --> 00:56:34,319
highly variable bonding but or the

1538
00:56:38,150 --> 00:56:36,319
organic coatings that you've made then

1539
00:56:39,670 --> 00:56:38,160
do have very strong hydrogen bonds and

1540
00:56:41,589 --> 00:56:39,680
so you can hold things more efficiently

1541
00:56:44,309 --> 00:56:41,599
to the surface and so forth

1542
00:56:46,150 --> 00:56:44,319
to catalyze more efficient reactions

1543
00:56:48,870 --> 00:56:46,160
this obviously has

1544
00:56:50,069 --> 00:56:48,880
relevance to outward transport of

1545
00:56:52,309 --> 00:56:50,079
material

1546
00:56:54,390 --> 00:56:52,319
in these organic coatings it may have

1547
00:56:55,670 --> 00:56:54,400
some relevance to other rims seen on

1548
00:56:57,190 --> 00:56:55,680
certain

1549
00:56:58,789 --> 00:56:57,200
elements of meteoritic such as

1550
00:57:00,150 --> 00:56:58,799
chondrules

1551
00:57:01,990 --> 00:57:00,160
it may have other

1552
00:57:04,630 --> 00:57:02,000
implications as well but it does appear

1553
00:57:07,190 --> 00:57:04,640
to be a rather interesting

1554
00:57:08,870 --> 00:57:07,200
finding and probably it will be of

1555
00:57:11,109 --> 00:57:08,880
interest to many other

1556
00:57:13,430 --> 00:57:11,119
members of the nai

1557
00:57:15,349 --> 00:57:13,440
i'll say a few words about other planets

1558
00:57:17,670 --> 00:57:15,359
in our solar system we've touched on

1559
00:57:20,630 --> 00:57:17,680
titan most of what i've said so far has

1560
00:57:22,549 --> 00:57:20,640
to do with delivery of

1561
00:57:23,589 --> 00:57:22,559
organics and water to the terrestrial

1562
00:57:25,190 --> 00:57:23,599
planets

1563
00:57:26,870 --> 00:57:25,200
and so it's important to understand

1564
00:57:28,309 --> 00:57:26,880
whether any other terrestrial planets

1565
00:57:31,750 --> 00:57:28,319
have

1566
00:57:32,950 --> 00:57:31,760
been related to

1567
00:57:33,829 --> 00:57:32,960
the origin of

1568
00:57:36,470 --> 00:57:33,839
life

1569
00:57:38,069 --> 00:57:36,480
or to processes that might mimic uh

1570
00:57:38,870 --> 00:57:38,079
release of materials that could mimic

1571
00:57:40,470 --> 00:57:38,880
the

1572
00:57:42,069 --> 00:57:40,480
biogenesis

1573
00:57:44,309 --> 00:57:42,079
so methylene wires you've heard about

1574
00:57:46,230 --> 00:57:44,319
before i'm not going to dwell on that

1575
00:57:47,990 --> 00:57:46,240
except to remind you of the sources of

1576
00:57:50,789 --> 00:57:48,000
methane on earth that are mainly

1577
00:57:52,630 --> 00:57:50,799
biogenic in origin

1578
00:57:54,870 --> 00:57:52,640
to show you one spectrum which

1579
00:57:57,349 --> 00:57:54,880
demonstrates the detection of water

1580
00:57:59,109 --> 00:57:57,359
lines here here a total of three in this

1581
00:58:01,670 --> 00:57:59,119
case and methane running north to south

1582
00:58:03,990 --> 00:58:01,680
on the planet from lindelin

1583
00:58:05,829 --> 00:58:04,000
the maps that we derive from that uh

1584
00:58:07,589 --> 00:58:05,839
basically this is now from the science

1585
00:58:10,950 --> 00:58:07,599
paper that appeared

1586
00:58:13,670 --> 00:58:10,960
online in january in print in february

1587
00:58:15,510 --> 00:58:13,680
and uh we now see three distinct regions

1588
00:58:17,990 --> 00:58:15,520
of active release that are correlated

1589
00:58:20,150 --> 00:58:18,000
with certain mineralogical signatures

1590
00:58:23,270 --> 00:58:20,160
also from the science paper

1591
00:58:25,589 --> 00:58:23,280
uh and finally that uh what we now are

1592
00:58:27,750 --> 00:58:25,599
preparing our second paper

1593
00:58:29,190 --> 00:58:27,760
uh geronimo's uh we'll be submitting

1594
00:58:31,750 --> 00:58:29,200
that very soon

1595
00:58:34,309 --> 00:58:31,760
and uh here for example we demonstrate

1596
00:58:36,789 --> 00:58:34,319
uh the map of methane from all seasons

1597
00:58:38,390 --> 00:58:36,799
shown here three regions that we showed

1598
00:58:40,710 --> 00:58:38,400
in our first paper

1599
00:58:42,630 --> 00:58:40,720
uh comparing that with water that is

1600
00:58:43,910 --> 00:58:42,640
co-measured in every spectrum with

1601
00:58:46,069 --> 00:58:43,920
methane

1602
00:58:55,349 --> 00:58:46,079
noting that at times we don't see

1603
00:58:58,789 --> 00:58:56,630
he did

1604
00:59:00,309 --> 00:58:58,799
um

1605
00:59:02,309 --> 00:59:00,319
are we back okay

1606
00:59:04,069 --> 00:59:02,319
uh but the key point is whenever we see

1607
00:59:07,430 --> 00:59:04,079
methane being released it's from

1608
00:59:09,109 --> 00:59:07,440
primitive uh terrain milwaukee and being

1609
00:59:10,789 --> 00:59:09,119
uh the first billion years of mars

1610
00:59:12,630 --> 00:59:10,799
history and shown here is this red

1611
00:59:14,309 --> 00:59:12,640
terrain in the southern region so

1612
00:59:16,069 --> 00:59:14,319
there's a lot more to come

1613
00:59:18,390 --> 00:59:16,079
on that story you can read all the

1614
00:59:21,829 --> 00:59:18,400
details and major conclusions

1615
00:59:25,829 --> 00:59:21,839
uh and implications uh when you next

1616
00:59:27,910 --> 00:59:25,839
come back to this in the online material

1617
00:59:29,589 --> 00:59:27,920
now finally i want to conclude with the

1618
00:59:30,950 --> 00:59:29,599
development of

1619
00:59:32,870 --> 00:59:30,960
model the

1620
00:59:35,349 --> 00:59:32,880
techniques for in-situ organic and

1621
00:59:37,349 --> 00:59:35,359
organic analysis on flight missions

1622
00:59:40,150 --> 00:59:37,359
which is a very key uh part of work here

1623
00:59:41,990 --> 00:59:40,160
at goddard through paul mahaffey's team

1624
00:59:44,069 --> 00:59:42,000
which is you know paul is the

1625
00:59:45,829 --> 00:59:44,079
principal investigator on the sam

1626
00:59:48,549 --> 00:59:45,839
instrument on the mars science lab which

1627
00:59:51,030 --> 00:59:48,559
is now scheduled for launch in 2011.

1628
00:59:52,710 --> 00:59:51,040
but that's just one of the many many uh

1629
00:59:54,630 --> 00:59:52,720
parts of the

1630
00:59:57,109 --> 00:59:54,640
activity that this

1631
00:59:59,589 --> 00:59:57,119
group is involved in

1632
01:00:01,510 --> 00:59:59,599
there are actually four separate tasks

1633
01:00:02,630 --> 01:00:01,520
that are being in part supported by the

1634
01:00:05,430 --> 01:00:02,640
gca

1635
01:00:07,910 --> 01:00:05,440
though i must say that uh generally our

1636
01:00:09,990 --> 01:00:07,920
support is modest compared to the total

1637
01:00:11,829 --> 01:00:10,000
costs required to

1638
01:00:14,309 --> 01:00:11,839
pursue these tasks i mean you're talking

1639
01:00:16,789 --> 01:00:14,319
about multiple people and expensive

1640
01:00:19,430 --> 01:00:16,799
equipment and frankly

1641
01:00:21,670 --> 01:00:19,440
this work draws on far larger funding

1642
01:00:22,789 --> 01:00:21,680
resources than we could possibly provide

1643
01:00:25,990 --> 01:00:22,799
through

1644
01:00:27,910 --> 01:00:26,000
any one team at the iii

1645
01:00:29,349 --> 01:00:27,920
uh there are many words in these view

1646
01:00:31,030 --> 01:00:29,359
graphs and so i'm going to skip through

1647
01:00:33,430 --> 01:00:31,040
these very quickly and those of you who

1648
01:00:36,230 --> 01:00:33,440
have great interest can go back and

1649
01:00:37,349 --> 01:00:36,240
re uh review them at uh your your

1650
01:00:40,230 --> 01:00:37,359
leisure

1651
01:00:41,750 --> 01:00:40,240
uh for example just as one uh one case

1652
01:00:44,630 --> 01:00:41,760
here this is

1653
01:00:48,309 --> 01:00:44,640
a sample that was collected by jenna i

1654
01:00:50,710 --> 01:00:48,319
did broad up in svalbard and essentially

1655
01:00:53,670 --> 01:00:50,720
uh the new approach is revealing uh

1656
01:00:56,309 --> 01:00:53,680
three molecular bias signatures that are

1657
01:00:57,829 --> 01:00:56,319
uh that were missed by another common

1658
01:01:00,069 --> 01:00:57,839
method

1659
01:01:02,549 --> 01:01:00,079
we can't talk about these in detail

1660
01:01:04,710 --> 01:01:02,559
right now except the takeaway message is

1661
01:01:06,549 --> 01:01:04,720
that these new methodologies that are

1662
01:01:08,390 --> 01:01:06,559
being developed are in fact more

1663
01:01:10,230 --> 01:01:08,400
powerful and providing additional

1664
01:01:12,630 --> 01:01:10,240
results that were not accessible in

1665
01:01:15,190 --> 01:01:12,640
other ways

1666
01:01:17,030 --> 01:01:15,200
so these are the asap program which many

1667
01:01:18,870 --> 01:01:17,040
of you know about and what's going on

1668
01:01:22,309 --> 01:01:18,880
there and i don't want to repeat that

1669
01:01:23,510 --> 01:01:22,319
you can look at this at your leisure

1670
01:01:25,589 --> 01:01:23,520
one of the key

1671
01:01:28,390 --> 01:01:25,599
areas being developed is by will

1672
01:01:31,190 --> 01:01:28,400
brenkerhoff and his collaborators

1673
01:01:32,230 --> 01:01:31,200
this is a so-called laser desorption

1674
01:01:34,789 --> 01:01:32,240
approach

1675
01:01:36,829 --> 01:01:34,799
instead of cooking uh the sample and

1676
01:01:40,150 --> 01:01:36,839
destroying many thereby destroying many

1677
01:01:42,150 --> 01:01:40,160
organics instead you focus a laser beam

1678
01:01:43,589 --> 01:01:42,160
on a point on the surface and then you

1679
01:01:46,150 --> 01:01:43,599
can vaporize

1680
01:01:48,069 --> 01:01:46,160
that material somewhat less destructive

1681
01:01:50,789 --> 01:01:48,079
but you can then see a wider range of

1682
01:01:52,789 --> 01:01:50,799
heavy organics to much higher dalton

1683
01:01:54,549 --> 01:01:52,799
number or for those of you don't work in

1684
01:01:56,069 --> 01:01:54,559
dalton's atomic mass units than you

1685
01:01:57,910 --> 01:01:56,079
would otherwise see

1686
01:01:59,670 --> 01:01:57,920
and so this is a very uh potentially

1687
01:02:02,069 --> 01:01:59,680
extremely powerful technique that could

1688
01:02:04,470 --> 01:02:02,079
be useful on flight missions to

1689
01:02:06,069 --> 01:02:04,480
comets or to primitive asteroids and so

1690
01:02:07,109 --> 01:02:06,079
forth and so on or even to tighten

1691
01:02:08,789 --> 01:02:07,119
itself

1692
01:02:11,030 --> 01:02:08,799
an example

1693
01:02:14,309 --> 01:02:11,040
is shown here of uh organics produced

1694
01:02:16,230 --> 01:02:14,319
from a uh an analysis of a

1695
01:02:17,910 --> 01:02:16,240
titan following analog produced in the

1696
01:02:20,870 --> 01:02:17,920
laboratory which

1697
01:02:23,990 --> 01:02:20,880
could reveal a polyacetylene

1698
01:02:26,870 --> 01:02:24,000
phase present in the material

1699
01:02:29,270 --> 01:02:26,880
here's a sketch of the instrument

1700
01:02:31,430 --> 01:02:29,280
you can imagine how you raster across

1701
01:02:33,990 --> 01:02:31,440
the surface of a

1702
01:02:35,349 --> 01:02:34,000
section material and then get these uh

1703
01:02:37,270 --> 01:02:35,359
beautiful

1704
01:02:40,309 --> 01:02:37,280
mass spectra in

1705
01:02:45,990 --> 01:02:44,069
now another approach being pursued

1706
01:02:48,390 --> 01:02:46,000
by a number of complementary programs

1707
01:02:49,829 --> 01:02:48,400
has to do with this business of

1708
01:02:51,030 --> 01:02:49,839
carbonation meteorites we've been

1709
01:02:53,349 --> 01:02:51,040
discussing

1710
01:02:55,910 --> 01:02:53,359
looking for signatures of life and ice

1711
01:02:58,630 --> 01:02:55,920
this is funded under exobiology

1712
01:03:00,309 --> 01:02:58,640
uh and so on i can't say too much about

1713
01:03:02,069 --> 01:03:00,319
that now and actually

1714
01:03:05,349 --> 01:03:02,079
we're supporting some some of jen's

1715
01:03:08,710 --> 01:03:05,359
manpower through gca but uh

1716
01:03:09,670 --> 01:03:08,720
as you can appreciate the the overall

1717
01:03:11,910 --> 01:03:09,680
uh

1718
01:03:14,630 --> 01:03:11,920
program involved in paul's group is far

1719
01:03:17,349 --> 01:03:14,640
broader and uh far more expensive than

1720
01:03:19,109 --> 01:03:17,359
uh the nai could possibly support

1721
01:03:22,069 --> 01:03:19,119
and so you see here just a listing of

1722
01:03:24,390 --> 01:03:22,079
some of the other activities and the pis

1723
01:03:27,670 --> 01:03:24,400
and so forth that are going on

1724
01:03:29,750 --> 01:03:27,680
that uh actually benefit the nai by

1725
01:03:32,870 --> 01:03:29,760
essentially we're leveraging these other

1726
01:03:35,190 --> 01:03:32,880
very large and well-funded programs

1727
01:03:38,309 --> 01:03:35,200
and finally just wrap that up by

1728
01:03:40,870 --> 01:03:38,319
pointing to the sample analysis at mars

1729
01:03:43,589 --> 01:03:40,880
here's an example of one of the four

1730
01:03:45,510 --> 01:03:43,599
finalists for the msl landing site

1731
01:03:48,069 --> 01:03:45,520
this is the eevers vaulter created which

1732
01:03:49,029 --> 01:03:48,079
crater which has a well-developed

1733
01:03:52,309 --> 01:03:49,039
delta

1734
01:03:54,950 --> 01:03:52,319
formed over a long period of time and

1735
01:03:56,950 --> 01:03:54,960
suggests that it could have been flowing

1736
01:03:58,710 --> 01:03:56,960
water and

1737
01:04:00,470 --> 01:03:58,720
standing water for quite a long time

1738
01:04:02,069 --> 01:04:00,480
that would permit uh

1739
01:04:03,829 --> 01:04:02,079
organics

1740
01:04:05,190 --> 01:04:03,839
to be formed

1741
01:04:08,150 --> 01:04:05,200
of course everyone would like to know

1742
01:04:10,630 --> 01:04:08,160
they reform biogenically or abiotically

1743
01:04:12,870 --> 01:04:10,640
so i think we'll stop with that

1744
01:04:15,589 --> 01:04:12,880
and uh throw the uh

1745
01:04:19,109 --> 01:04:17,109
throw it open for discussion if anyone

1746
01:04:21,670 --> 01:04:19,119
has any questions let me just go back to

1747
01:04:25,190 --> 01:04:23,190
in case we need to go to a specific

1748
01:04:27,109 --> 01:04:25,200
slide

1749
01:04:34,390 --> 01:04:27,119
okay well let let's first thank our

1750
01:04:38,870 --> 01:04:37,109
thanks for a really information filled

1751
01:04:40,230 --> 01:04:38,880
talk i am sure a lot of people are going

1752
01:04:41,270 --> 01:04:40,240
to be looking at the archive on the

1753
01:04:44,309 --> 01:04:41,280
website

1754
01:04:46,069 --> 01:04:44,319
now i'd like to open up for questions

1755
01:04:47,990 --> 01:04:46,079
right away and i'd like to ask the first

1756
01:04:50,150 --> 01:04:48,000
question i must confess this question

1757
01:04:51,510 --> 01:04:50,160
may be more appropriate for alan boss

1758
01:04:54,390 --> 01:04:51,520
than for you but

1759
01:04:56,470 --> 01:04:54,400
in the nice model you've got the core

1760
01:04:58,230 --> 01:04:56,480
you've got uranus and neptune forming so

1761
01:05:00,630 --> 01:04:58,240
close to saturn

1762
01:05:03,430 --> 01:05:00,640
and so now you have all four major

1763
01:05:05,990 --> 01:05:03,440
planets forming within less than 10 a.u

1764
01:05:08,069 --> 01:05:06,000
you've got 300 earth masses of hydrogen

1765
01:05:10,150 --> 01:05:08,079
and helium and jupiter you've got maybe

1766
01:05:11,829 --> 01:05:10,160
85 in saturn

1767
01:05:13,750 --> 01:05:11,839
and with uranus and neptune forming

1768
01:05:14,549 --> 01:05:13,760
right nearby you've only got one earth

1769
01:05:17,349 --> 01:05:14,559
mass

1770
01:05:18,950 --> 01:05:17,359
of hydrogen and helium on their cores

1771
01:05:20,870 --> 01:05:18,960
how do you get that difference

1772
01:05:23,190 --> 01:05:20,880
particularly between saturn and the

1773
01:05:26,069 --> 01:05:23,200
uranus and neptunes uh when they're

1774
01:05:28,230 --> 01:05:26,079
formed so close to one another

1775
01:05:31,109 --> 01:05:28,240
um well alan if you'd like to answer

1776
01:05:32,710 --> 01:05:31,119
that that's just fine

1777
01:05:35,109 --> 01:05:32,720
let me take a shot

1778
01:05:38,390 --> 01:05:35,119
i'll get my own spin on it later

1779
01:05:39,990 --> 01:05:38,400
okay carl i think what what uh you hit a

1780
01:05:41,670 --> 01:05:40,000
really major question which is the nice

1781
01:05:43,270 --> 01:05:41,680
model is wonderful if you can figure out

1782
01:05:44,549 --> 01:05:43,280
a way to get those initial conditions

1783
01:05:46,470 --> 01:05:44,559
but in some sense those initial

1784
01:05:48,549 --> 01:05:46,480
conditions are like handing somebody a

1785
01:05:50,150 --> 01:05:48,559
tin can with a spring compressed inside

1786
01:05:51,589 --> 01:05:50,160
it and you ask them to open up the the

1787
01:05:52,950 --> 01:05:51,599
lid of the can and the spring pops out

1788
01:05:54,470 --> 01:05:52,960
and the question is how did that spring

1789
01:05:56,710 --> 01:05:54,480
manage to compress itself inside that

1790
01:05:58,789 --> 01:05:56,720
can so in the context of the traditional

1791
01:06:00,309 --> 01:05:58,799
core accretion model making the

1792
01:06:01,829 --> 01:06:00,319
gas giant planets it's a little bit

1793
01:06:03,910 --> 01:06:01,839
harder to imagine doing it because you

1794
01:06:05,430 --> 01:06:03,920
do as you say have to form all four of

1795
01:06:07,270 --> 01:06:05,440
them within a rather small region of

1796
01:06:08,950 --> 01:06:07,280
space and that process by definition

1797
01:06:11,109 --> 01:06:08,960
takes maybe a million years or more for

1798
01:06:12,950 --> 01:06:11,119
core accretion and so it takes a while

1799
01:06:14,150 --> 01:06:12,960
for that uh you can't sort of hard to

1800
01:06:15,670 --> 01:06:14,160
imagine that spring managing getting

1801
01:06:17,029 --> 01:06:15,680
itself inside the can

1802
01:06:18,390 --> 01:06:17,039
i would assert though that the

1803
01:06:19,829 --> 01:06:18,400
alternative which is to try to make the

1804
01:06:21,829 --> 01:06:19,839
gas giants more rapidly by the

1805
01:06:23,589 --> 01:06:21,839
disconstability process

1806
01:06:25,109 --> 01:06:23,599
really is a way of making maybe getting

1807
01:06:27,510 --> 01:06:25,119
that spring in there rather quickly

1808
01:06:29,109 --> 01:06:27,520
because if you can make them fast enough

1809
01:06:30,829 --> 01:06:29,119
and then pull the gas away and let

1810
01:06:32,870 --> 01:06:30,839
things evolve as the nice model

1811
01:06:34,309 --> 01:06:32,880
envisions uh perhaps that's the way to

1812
01:06:35,990 --> 01:06:34,319
get there in fact i mentioned that to

1813
01:06:37,510 --> 01:06:36,000
hal levi sent at a nobel conference a

1814
01:06:38,950 --> 01:06:37,520
couple summers ago and house says well

1815
01:06:40,230 --> 01:06:38,960
let's can you actually do the same sort

1816
01:06:41,589 --> 01:06:40,240
of thing in disco stability i've got

1817
01:06:42,870 --> 01:06:41,599
models running right now on the computer

1818
01:06:44,710 --> 01:06:42,880
that are trying to see what the

1819
01:06:46,789 --> 01:06:44,720
discontinued alternative is but i think

1820
01:06:48,630 --> 01:06:46,799
the basic idea though the nice model is

1821
01:06:50,069 --> 01:06:48,640
sort of working backwards in time say if

1822
01:06:51,990 --> 01:06:50,079
you can somehow get to this intermediate

1823
01:06:53,670 --> 01:06:52,000
stage then things really work out nicely

1824
01:06:55,109 --> 01:06:53,680
to go from there to the present and the

1825
01:06:56,549 --> 01:06:55,119
real question then is for the theorists

1826
01:06:58,630 --> 01:06:56,559
how do you get from the very beginning

1827
01:07:00,150 --> 01:06:58,640
to that stage and that's where uh folks

1828
01:07:02,710 --> 01:07:00,160
like hal everson and i have a lot of

1829
01:07:05,430 --> 01:07:02,720
work to do yet that's it

1830
01:07:09,589 --> 01:07:07,190
thank you that was a nice it was a nice

1831
01:07:13,029 --> 01:07:09,599
uh discussion uh alan

1832
01:07:14,549 --> 01:07:13,039
uh and i i glossed over that first uh as

1833
01:07:16,789 --> 01:07:14,559
you know the first few hundred million

1834
01:07:19,109 --> 01:07:16,799
years when the giant planets form

1835
01:07:20,630 --> 01:07:19,119
i think hal has too

1836
01:07:22,470 --> 01:07:20,640
but uh the key

1837
01:07:25,109 --> 01:07:22,480
in terms of the uh

1838
01:07:27,190 --> 01:07:25,119
creation of the the icy uh planetesimal

1839
01:07:29,589 --> 01:07:27,200
reservoirs and uh

1840
01:07:32,069 --> 01:07:29,599
how we can further constrain the nice

1841
01:07:34,950 --> 01:07:32,079
model by measuring compositions of

1842
01:07:36,630 --> 01:07:34,960
comets d to h ratios and so on we think

1843
01:07:38,630 --> 01:07:36,640
that's the only way one can really make

1844
01:07:40,309 --> 01:07:38,640
progress in further

1845
01:07:42,470 --> 01:07:40,319
understanding the limitations of that

1846
01:07:44,470 --> 01:07:42,480
model or it's successes

1847
01:07:45,910 --> 01:07:44,480
basically uh looking at these ground

1848
01:07:47,750 --> 01:07:45,920
truth uh

1849
01:07:50,150 --> 01:07:47,760
objects and then understanding trying to

1850
01:07:51,990 --> 01:07:50,160
understand what what actually did happen

1851
01:07:54,309 --> 01:07:52,000
uh what region of the planetary disk

1852
01:07:57,270 --> 01:07:54,319
those materials did come

1853
01:07:59,349 --> 01:07:57,280
and then go back and ask okay did we

1854
01:08:01,270 --> 01:07:59,359
start out with those four planets in

1855
01:08:03,829 --> 01:08:01,280
those locations because in the first

1856
01:08:06,069 --> 01:08:03,839
million years they all formed then

1857
01:08:08,549 --> 01:08:06,079
through instabilities or

1858
01:08:09,990 --> 01:08:08,559
at that location or what i i think

1859
01:08:13,349 --> 01:08:10,000
there's a lot of work still to be done

1860
01:08:17,349 --> 01:08:15,990
we have a question here at ames from uh

1861
01:08:19,749 --> 01:08:17,359
dave dimaray

1862
01:08:22,470 --> 01:08:19,759
yeah mike uh it's really fascinating to

1863
01:08:24,709 --> 01:08:22,480
see the comment work and the inference

1864
01:08:27,510 --> 01:08:24,719
maybe of multiple populations emerging

1865
01:08:28,950 --> 01:08:27,520
um what about regular uh or carbonaceous

1866
01:08:30,229 --> 01:08:28,960
chondrites you guys of course are

1867
01:08:32,950 --> 01:08:30,239
involved with the

1868
01:08:35,590 --> 01:08:32,960
analyses of amino acids and stuff in the

1869
01:08:37,030 --> 01:08:35,600
type meteorites any parallel effort that

1870
01:08:38,550 --> 01:08:37,040
might be useful

1871
01:08:40,550 --> 01:08:38,560
well i don't really ought to turn that

1872
01:08:43,269 --> 01:08:40,560
over to jason or danny uh because

1873
01:08:45,189 --> 01:08:43,279
they've been working on that here um i

1874
01:08:47,269 --> 01:08:45,199
don't think they're in the room

1875
01:08:48,870 --> 01:08:47,279
uh but uh if anybody's online they can

1876
01:08:51,669 --> 01:08:48,880
certainly leap in

1877
01:08:53,990 --> 01:08:51,679
uh but in any case uh that is obviously

1878
01:08:56,630 --> 01:08:54,000
one of the things we'd really like to do

1879
01:08:58,229 --> 01:08:56,640
you're certainly well aware dave that uh

1880
01:08:59,269 --> 01:08:58,239
the other example is the stardust

1881
01:09:01,110 --> 01:08:59,279
samples

1882
01:09:03,110 --> 01:09:01,120
which show i think carnegie has shown

1883
01:09:04,630 --> 01:09:03,120
this very nicely to show very strong

1884
01:09:06,550 --> 01:09:04,640
evidence for

1885
01:09:08,470 --> 01:09:06,560
uh dust that's processed in the

1886
01:09:09,749 --> 01:09:08,480
terrestrial planets region and then

1887
01:09:10,470 --> 01:09:09,759
moved outward

1888
01:09:12,309 --> 01:09:10,480
so

1889
01:09:14,070 --> 01:09:12,319
um one of the things i didn't have time

1890
01:09:15,430 --> 01:09:14,080
to address was we're very interested in

1891
01:09:18,070 --> 01:09:15,440
this question of

1892
01:09:20,470 --> 01:09:18,080
what happened before the

1893
01:09:22,470 --> 01:09:20,480
icy bodies and the meteorites the parent

1894
01:09:25,189 --> 01:09:22,480
bodies meteorites formed

1895
01:09:26,149 --> 01:09:25,199
that is to say uh from the natal cloud

1896
01:09:28,309 --> 01:09:26,159
core

1897
01:09:30,709 --> 01:09:28,319
going through the

1898
01:09:32,950 --> 01:09:30,719
protoplanetary disk there was a great

1899
01:09:35,030 --> 01:09:32,960
deal of dynamical mixing going on as

1900
01:09:37,189 --> 01:09:35,040
well as chemical processing

1901
01:09:39,189 --> 01:09:37,199
that preceded the formation of the the

1902
01:09:40,789 --> 01:09:39,199
giant planets and of course the minor

1903
01:09:42,229 --> 01:09:40,799
bodies as well

1904
01:09:44,470 --> 01:09:42,239
so the only way we're ever going to get

1905
01:09:46,309 --> 01:09:44,480
a handle on that is to do just exactly

1906
01:09:48,229 --> 01:09:46,319
what you're suggesting

1907
01:09:50,149 --> 01:09:48,239
namely the uh

1908
01:09:52,149 --> 01:09:50,159
organic composition of individual

1909
01:09:54,470 --> 01:09:52,159
inclusions and meteoritics perimeter

1910
01:09:56,790 --> 01:09:54,480
meteorites in particular the

1911
01:09:59,510 --> 01:09:56,800
uh carbonaceous chondrites uh additional

1912
01:10:01,750 --> 01:09:59,520
comet samples and so forth and so on

1913
01:10:05,189 --> 01:10:01,760
so i think that's uh that that whole

1914
01:10:07,510 --> 01:10:05,199
area of understanding is still

1915
01:10:13,030 --> 01:10:07,520
only sparsely sampled and sparsely

1916
01:10:18,149 --> 01:10:15,669
do we have any other questions for mike

1917
01:10:20,149 --> 01:10:18,159
or for anyone else

1918
01:10:21,270 --> 01:10:20,159
alan is it possible to ask questions by

1919
01:10:24,149 --> 01:10:21,280
phone

1920
01:10:26,070 --> 01:10:24,159
yes absolutely that sounds like max

1921
01:10:30,310 --> 01:10:26,080
you're dead right it is max

1922
01:10:33,669 --> 01:10:30,320
i hope i'm not dead right max but

1923
01:10:35,430 --> 01:10:33,679
um mike uh for just a preface uh

1924
01:10:39,030 --> 01:10:35,440
statement i'm glad i got my tax return

1925
01:10:42,229 --> 01:10:39,040
in early given the time now

1926
01:10:45,350 --> 01:10:42,239
the question i'm asking is is there a

1927
01:10:48,709 --> 01:10:45,360
scope with your method of relating dh

1928
01:10:50,630 --> 01:10:48,719
ratios and volatile ratios

1929
01:10:51,510 --> 01:10:50,640
to differentiate

1930
01:10:55,990 --> 01:10:51,520
the

1931
01:10:57,910 --> 01:10:56,000
delivery and subsequent

1932
01:11:00,470 --> 01:10:57,920
similar fractionation processes on

1933
01:11:04,070 --> 01:11:00,480
planetary surfaces for for loss of

1934
01:11:05,110 --> 01:11:04,080
volatiles like say on earth and on mars

1935
01:11:07,350 --> 01:11:05,120
um

1936
01:11:08,709 --> 01:11:07,360
well let's first talk about the

1937
01:11:11,590 --> 01:11:08,719
um

1938
01:11:14,550 --> 01:11:11,600
the lessons learned from d2h in a

1939
01:11:15,590 --> 01:11:14,560
primitive body whether a comet or an

1940
01:11:17,189 --> 01:11:15,600
asteroid

1941
01:11:19,030 --> 01:11:17,199
i know more about the volatiles and

1942
01:11:20,790 --> 01:11:19,040
comets than i know about asteroids so

1943
01:11:22,149 --> 01:11:20,800
perhaps someone else could address the

1944
01:11:23,350 --> 01:11:22,159
latter question

1945
01:11:25,030 --> 01:11:23,360
but

1946
01:11:26,950 --> 01:11:25,040
as you well know that you probably

1947
01:11:30,870 --> 01:11:26,960
remember max that

1948
01:11:33,350 --> 01:11:30,880
and hal bop uh toby owen uh and his uh

1949
01:11:37,430 --> 01:11:33,360
collaborator postdoc roland meyer

1950
01:11:38,790 --> 01:11:37,440
and others measured uh the ratio of dcn

1951
01:11:43,030 --> 01:11:38,800
to hcn

1952
01:11:45,910 --> 01:11:43,040
and hdo to h2o in the same comet

1953
01:11:48,070 --> 01:11:45,920
and they found that the ratios of the

1954
01:11:51,030 --> 01:11:48,080
enrichment of deuterium in those two

1955
01:11:53,830 --> 01:11:51,040
chemicals was quite different

1956
01:11:54,870 --> 01:11:53,840
and this in fact is predicted if both

1957
01:11:57,590 --> 01:11:54,880
were

1958
01:12:00,229 --> 01:11:57,600
uh influenced by ion molecule processing

1959
01:12:01,910 --> 01:12:00,239
at a temperature of about 30 kelvin

1960
01:12:05,189 --> 01:12:01,920
uh you would then expect

1961
01:12:08,390 --> 01:12:05,199
the uh deuterium content of hcn to be

1962
01:12:10,390 --> 01:12:08,400
much more intense than that in h2o

1963
01:12:12,310 --> 01:12:10,400
so this was in fact their conclusion

1964
01:12:15,030 --> 01:12:12,320
that it was that those ices were

1965
01:12:17,350 --> 01:12:15,040
processed at about 30 kelvin

1966
01:12:19,350 --> 01:12:17,360
that of course then is consistent with

1967
01:12:21,910 --> 01:12:19,360
the modal

1968
01:12:24,709 --> 01:12:21,920
ortho power ratio that we see in most of

1969
01:12:28,229 --> 01:12:24,719
the organic normal comets and hail bop

1970
01:12:29,750 --> 01:12:28,239
was an ornate organic normal comet

1971
01:12:31,430 --> 01:12:29,760
so we think that

1972
01:12:35,350 --> 01:12:31,440
when you consider

1973
01:12:36,870 --> 01:12:35,360
outward convection of or mixing of

1974
01:12:38,229 --> 01:12:36,880
deuterium poor water from the

1975
01:12:39,910 --> 01:12:38,239
terrestrial planets region the

1976
01:12:43,189 --> 01:12:39,920
protoplanetary disk

1977
01:12:44,950 --> 01:12:43,199
to the uh let's say 10 to 30 au region

1978
01:12:47,430 --> 01:12:44,960
uh in the disk

1979
01:12:50,470 --> 01:12:47,440
uh when that water condenses it should

1980
01:12:51,830 --> 01:12:50,480
carry into the newly formed ice

1981
01:12:54,310 --> 01:12:51,840
deuterium

1982
01:12:56,550 --> 01:12:54,320
at a much lower ratio in fact the

1983
01:12:58,390 --> 01:12:56,560
temperature's so high the terrestrial

1984
01:13:01,110 --> 01:12:58,400
planets region that

1985
01:13:02,709 --> 01:13:01,120
the water in that gas phase there

1986
01:13:04,870 --> 01:13:02,719
should achieve equilibrium with

1987
01:13:06,550 --> 01:13:04,880
molecular hydrogen it should have a doh

1988
01:13:07,990 --> 01:13:06,560
ratio of order two times to the minus

1989
01:13:09,110 --> 01:13:08,000
five

1990
01:13:09,910 --> 01:13:09,120
instead of

1991
01:13:11,430 --> 01:13:09,920
uh

1992
01:13:12,310 --> 01:13:11,440
one and a half times ten to the minus

1993
01:13:14,950 --> 01:13:12,320
four

1994
01:13:17,270 --> 01:13:14,960
as in uh terrestrial ocean water or

1995
01:13:19,910 --> 01:13:17,280
three times seven minus five it's four

1996
01:13:21,830 --> 01:13:19,920
excuse me as in hal bot

1997
01:13:24,229 --> 01:13:21,840
so we think that uh

1998
01:13:26,709 --> 01:13:24,239
we don't yet have those numbers for

1999
01:13:28,550 --> 01:13:26,719
the organic depleted comets in hand and

2000
01:13:31,430 --> 01:13:28,560
we think that

2001
01:13:34,550 --> 01:13:31,440
all the comets measured so far

2002
01:13:37,590 --> 01:13:34,560
are the organics normal type

2003
01:13:38,550 --> 01:13:37,600
in the d to h ratio on water and most of

2004
01:13:39,510 --> 01:13:38,560
them

2005
01:13:44,870 --> 01:13:39,520
have

2006
01:13:46,790 --> 01:13:44,880
enrichment factors which agree with one

2007
01:13:47,830 --> 01:13:46,800
another with an experimental error

2008
01:13:50,390 --> 01:13:47,840
though

2009
01:13:52,149 --> 01:13:50,400
one must be careful because

2010
01:13:54,950 --> 01:13:52,159
some of the measurements have very large

2011
01:13:55,830 --> 01:13:54,960
systematic errors for

2012
01:13:57,990 --> 01:13:55,840
proper

2013
01:14:00,790 --> 01:13:58,000
systematic uncertainty

2014
01:14:02,470 --> 01:14:00,800
and these are usually glossed over

2015
01:14:04,870 --> 01:14:02,480
in the literature

2016
01:14:07,990 --> 01:14:04,880
and so uh

2017
01:14:09,270 --> 01:14:08,000
it may be that the agreement so far is

2018
01:14:11,990 --> 01:14:09,280
um

2019
01:14:13,430 --> 01:14:12,000
not a valid reflection of the true

2020
01:14:16,229 --> 01:14:13,440
values

2021
01:14:19,189 --> 01:14:16,239
so i i personally regard this field as

2022
01:14:21,669 --> 01:14:19,199
one that is about to break open

2023
01:14:24,950 --> 01:14:21,679
because we now have

2024
01:14:27,590 --> 01:14:24,960
the ability to measure multiple lines of

2025
01:14:29,189 --> 01:14:27,600
hdo in the infrared

2026
01:14:32,149 --> 01:14:29,199
at the same time that we measured

2027
01:14:35,430 --> 01:14:32,159
multiple lines of h2o in the same object

2028
01:14:37,510 --> 01:14:35,440
i mean the same time in the same

2029
01:14:39,030 --> 01:14:37,520
spectrum with a cross disperse to shell

2030
01:14:43,030 --> 01:14:39,040
spectrometer

2031
01:14:44,950 --> 01:14:43,040
and this will eliminate uncertainties as

2032
01:14:46,950 --> 01:14:44,960
to whether the rotational temperatures

2033
01:14:48,709 --> 01:14:46,960
of the molecules are the same

2034
01:14:51,030 --> 01:14:48,719
and therefore whether you are

2035
01:14:52,149 --> 01:14:51,040
estimating the total population

2036
01:14:54,070 --> 01:14:52,159
correctly

2037
01:14:55,990 --> 01:14:54,080
it will eliminate all kinds of

2038
01:14:57,669 --> 01:14:56,000
uncertainties with respect to the

2039
01:14:59,750 --> 01:14:57,679
observing conditions

2040
01:15:01,590 --> 01:14:59,760
and so on and so i think this is how we

2041
01:15:05,030 --> 01:15:01,600
will build a

2042
01:15:06,790 --> 01:15:05,040
uh very robust and very reliable

2043
01:15:08,229 --> 01:15:06,800
uh

2044
01:15:11,030 --> 01:15:08,239
database for

2045
01:15:13,350 --> 01:15:11,040
iteration fractions and comets that

2046
01:15:15,110 --> 01:15:13,360
have most systematic errors removed from

2047
01:15:16,709 --> 01:15:15,120
the data

2048
01:15:19,110 --> 01:15:16,719
now as far as the meteoritics are

2049
01:15:20,870 --> 01:15:19,120
concerned uh oh actually let me go to

2050
01:15:24,790 --> 01:15:20,880
the second aspect of your question which

2051
01:15:27,430 --> 01:15:24,800
was the planetary enrichment factors

2052
01:15:29,510 --> 01:15:27,440
uh primitive planets uh like the young

2053
01:15:32,229 --> 01:15:29,520
earth can experience a blow off of their

2054
01:15:34,229 --> 01:15:32,239
early atmospheres hydrodynamic blow-off

2055
01:15:35,990 --> 01:15:34,239
this has been i passed uh examined by

2056
01:15:38,870 --> 01:15:36,000
peplin and

2057
01:15:40,070 --> 01:15:38,880
haunted and other early workers uh 20 30

2058
01:15:41,750 --> 01:15:40,080
years ago

2059
01:15:44,870 --> 01:15:41,760
uh who showed that you could in fact

2060
01:15:46,709 --> 01:15:44,880
produce enriched deuterium in this way

2061
01:15:49,430 --> 01:15:46,719
uh on earth

2062
01:15:52,470 --> 01:15:49,440
on the other hand we don't know

2063
01:15:54,229 --> 01:15:52,480
uh how much water how much more

2064
01:15:56,709 --> 01:15:54,239
correctly how much hydrogen is

2065
01:15:58,950 --> 01:15:56,719
sequestered in the core

2066
01:16:01,669 --> 01:15:58,960
and as you know at the uh the workshop

2067
01:16:04,070 --> 01:16:01,679
in molokai sponsored by nai and

2068
01:16:06,390 --> 01:16:04,080
organized by karen meach's team

2069
01:16:08,470 --> 01:16:06,400
uh we had 30 people who uh examined all

2070
01:16:10,070 --> 01:16:08,480
aspects of this question and

2071
01:16:12,149 --> 01:16:10,080
the simple

2072
01:16:15,110 --> 01:16:12,159
answer is you could have as much as

2073
01:16:17,510 --> 01:16:15,120
seven to 100 oceans of water equivalent

2074
01:16:18,310 --> 01:16:17,520
hydrogen sequestered in the core

2075
01:16:21,510 --> 01:16:18,320
but

2076
01:16:23,910 --> 01:16:21,520
in doing so it's likely that deuterium

2077
01:16:25,669 --> 01:16:23,920
was fractionated

2078
01:16:26,550 --> 01:16:25,679
uh and therefore

2079
01:16:28,149 --> 01:16:26,560
some

2080
01:16:30,550 --> 01:16:28,159
uh fraction of the enrichment in

2081
01:16:31,910 --> 01:16:30,560
terrestrial ocean water could be uh the

2082
01:16:35,430 --> 01:16:31,920
signature of

2083
01:16:37,350 --> 01:16:35,440
in part of that process so

2084
01:16:39,590 --> 01:16:37,360
when you say we're going to get the doh

2085
01:16:42,550 --> 01:16:39,600
ratio and classes of comets we're going

2086
01:16:45,510 --> 01:16:42,560
to identify whether depleted organic

2087
01:16:47,669 --> 01:16:45,520
comets have low doh and therefore

2088
01:16:48,630 --> 01:16:47,679
and formation temperatures that suggest

2089
01:16:55,110 --> 01:16:48,640
uh

2090
01:16:57,750 --> 01:16:55,120
to 10au region versus other enriched

2091
01:17:00,390 --> 01:16:57,760
uh comets in deterrent and organics that

2092
01:17:02,870 --> 01:17:00,400
form from legacy ices further out

2093
01:17:05,830 --> 01:17:02,880
even that will not be a full answer we

2094
01:17:09,189 --> 01:17:05,840
still must pursue the issue of what

2095
01:17:12,390 --> 01:17:09,199
happened uh when the earth moon system

2096
01:17:14,550 --> 01:17:12,400
uh evolved and how did the

2097
01:17:16,630 --> 01:17:14,560
expression of hydrogen from the deep

2098
01:17:18,709 --> 01:17:16,640
earth

2099
01:17:20,709 --> 01:17:18,719
reveal itself in the form of deuteration

2100
01:17:22,470 --> 01:17:20,719
in the water that we now see in earth's

2101
01:17:24,709 --> 01:17:22,480
oceans

2102
01:17:26,709 --> 01:17:24,719
i think i should stop there

2103
01:17:31,350 --> 01:17:26,719
suggest maybe we have other discourse

2104
01:17:36,229 --> 01:17:33,750
thanks mike at the risk of causing some

2105
01:17:38,390 --> 01:17:36,239
of you to file for tax extensions i'll

2106
01:17:39,830 --> 01:17:38,400
call on alan boss i believe he had a

2107
01:17:41,590 --> 01:17:39,840
question

2108
01:17:43,510 --> 01:17:41,600
yeah i'll make a quick a comment and a

2109
01:17:45,430 --> 01:17:43,520
question this the comment first is to uh

2110
01:17:47,350 --> 01:17:45,440
thank you carl for organizing a series

2111
01:17:49,270 --> 01:17:47,360
of uh team presentations because i think

2112
01:17:50,950 --> 01:17:49,280
they're very valuable for allowing all

2113
01:17:52,630 --> 01:17:50,960
of us to see across the whole institute

2114
01:17:53,510 --> 01:17:52,640
what's going on i've only seen a couple

2115
01:17:54,950 --> 01:17:53,520
of them because i've been a lot of

2116
01:17:56,310 --> 01:17:54,960
travel lately but the two i've seen this

2117
01:17:58,149 --> 01:17:56,320
week are really quite valuable so i'm

2118
01:18:00,229 --> 01:17:58,159
looking forward to seeing more question

2119
01:18:02,550 --> 01:18:00,239
for michael

2120
01:18:03,990 --> 01:18:02,560
do check the art do check the archive

2121
01:18:04,790 --> 01:18:04,000
they're all up there you can see them

2122
01:18:07,189 --> 01:18:04,800
all

2123
01:18:09,030 --> 01:18:07,199
okay thanks carl question for michael

2124
01:18:10,790 --> 01:18:09,040
has to do with um uh when you're talking

2125
01:18:12,709 --> 01:18:10,800
about the nuclear spin temperatures and

2126
01:18:13,669 --> 01:18:12,719
the earth apparel ratios and things with

2127
01:18:15,669 --> 01:18:13,679
very low

2128
01:18:17,669 --> 01:18:15,679
really nice low temperatures 20 30 40

2129
01:18:19,350 --> 01:18:17,679
degrees kelvin or so question is

2130
01:18:21,270 --> 01:18:19,360
presumably those are being measured by

2131
01:18:23,270 --> 01:18:21,280
molecules being sublimated off the

2132
01:18:24,390 --> 01:18:23,280
surfaces of comets

2133
01:18:26,149 --> 01:18:24,400
and the

2134
01:18:27,189 --> 01:18:26,159
i guess the kinetic temperatures are

2135
01:18:29,430 --> 01:18:27,199
actually quite a bit higher than that

2136
01:18:30,630 --> 01:18:29,440
when they're being sublimated so is

2137
01:18:32,229 --> 01:18:30,640
there a question that's made for that or

2138
01:18:33,750 --> 01:18:32,239
how do you how do you look at a rather

2139
01:18:35,750 --> 01:18:33,760
higher temperature species and infer a

2140
01:18:37,430 --> 01:18:35,760
lower temperature i just technical

2141
01:18:39,030 --> 01:18:37,440
question just how it's done

2142
01:18:41,350 --> 01:18:39,040
oh right

2143
01:18:42,790 --> 01:18:41,360
i actually published a paper in 1987

2144
01:18:44,870 --> 01:18:42,800
which after the

2145
01:18:47,189 --> 01:18:44,880
comet halley campaigns that laid out the

2146
01:18:48,950 --> 01:18:47,199
methodology for that it appears as

2147
01:18:50,310 --> 01:18:48,960
astronomy and astrophysics

2148
01:18:52,310 --> 01:18:50,320
and that was the first comment for which

2149
01:18:55,030 --> 01:18:52,320
we got such measurements

2150
01:18:57,350 --> 01:18:55,040
that showed a relaxed opr and the spin

2151
01:19:00,390 --> 01:18:57,360
temperature of about 35 kelvin

2152
01:19:04,229 --> 01:19:00,400
but in any case what we do is uh we now

2153
01:19:05,510 --> 01:19:04,239
measure uh up to several dozen lines of

2154
01:19:09,350 --> 01:19:05,520
water vapor

2155
01:19:10,709 --> 01:19:09,360
uh simultaneously using the capcor nurse

2156
01:19:12,229 --> 01:19:10,719
blt

2157
01:19:14,149 --> 01:19:12,239
uh high dispersion infrared

2158
01:19:16,950 --> 01:19:14,159
spectrometers

2159
01:19:18,470 --> 01:19:16,960
and these uh we then

2160
01:19:20,630 --> 01:19:18,480
use those to

2161
01:19:23,270 --> 01:19:20,640
compare with a model a fluorescence

2162
01:19:25,910 --> 01:19:23,280
model for the ortho ladder separately

2163
01:19:28,229 --> 01:19:25,920
from the one of the para ladder and that

2164
01:19:29,990 --> 01:19:28,239
gives us the populations of those two

2165
01:19:31,990 --> 01:19:30,000
spin species

2166
01:19:32,790 --> 01:19:32,000
it turns out that the lowest level in

2167
01:19:36,149 --> 01:19:32,800
the

2168
01:19:36,870 --> 01:19:36,159
ortholateral has an energy that's about

2169
01:19:45,750 --> 01:19:36,880
uh

2170
01:19:48,550 --> 01:19:45,760
the ground level which is in the para

2171
01:19:51,590 --> 01:19:48,560
ladder and so you can apply a boltzmann

2172
01:19:53,830 --> 01:19:51,600
uh like term to that to extract the

2173
01:19:55,750 --> 01:19:53,840
effective spin temperature that is

2174
01:19:57,110 --> 01:19:55,760
required to explain the observed

2175
01:19:59,030 --> 01:19:57,120
distribution

2176
01:20:01,189 --> 01:19:59,040
now it turns out that

2177
01:20:04,070 --> 01:20:01,199
these two species ortho and para water

2178
01:20:06,149 --> 01:20:04,080
almost like two independent elements

2179
01:20:09,430 --> 01:20:06,159
there uh might as well be oxygen and

2180
01:20:12,149 --> 01:20:09,440
nitrogen because although uh

2181
01:20:14,149 --> 01:20:12,159
it's a bit of an over uh statement but

2182
01:20:16,870 --> 01:20:14,159
you can actually convert one to the

2183
01:20:19,750 --> 01:20:16,880
other uh not too with not too much

2184
01:20:22,790 --> 01:20:19,760
difficulty but doing it differentially

2185
01:20:25,350 --> 01:20:22,800
is extremely difficult and requires a

2186
01:20:28,149 --> 01:20:25,360
huge number of collisions you need to

2187
01:20:31,030 --> 01:20:28,159
do it in the presence of a non-uniform

2188
01:20:32,870 --> 01:20:31,040
external magnetic field so you need a

2189
01:20:34,149 --> 01:20:32,880
something like a paramagnetic substance

2190
01:20:36,229 --> 01:20:34,159
like platinum

2191
01:20:38,149 --> 01:20:36,239
or another

2192
01:20:39,990 --> 01:20:38,159
molecule that has an unpaired electron

2193
01:20:42,070 --> 01:20:40,000
like molecular oxygen

2194
01:20:44,709 --> 01:20:42,080
and so forth but otherwise

2195
01:20:46,550 --> 01:20:44,719
mere sublimation does not do it

2196
01:20:47,830 --> 01:20:46,560
the simple warming of a substance does

2197
01:20:49,910 --> 01:20:47,840
not do it

2198
01:20:51,750 --> 01:20:49,920
uh and so on the most extreme example is

2199
01:20:54,870 --> 01:20:51,760
molecular hydrogen of course which has

2200
01:20:56,550 --> 01:20:54,880
been studied for since the 20s

2201
01:20:58,630 --> 01:20:56,560
of the last century

2202
01:20:59,750 --> 01:20:58,640
uh in this parameter and it was shown

2203
01:21:02,550 --> 01:20:59,760
that

2204
01:21:05,510 --> 01:21:02,560
the ortho power ratio remains conserved

2205
01:21:07,110 --> 01:21:05,520
for basically the length of the

2206
01:21:08,709 --> 01:21:07,120
lifetime of the universe

2207
01:21:11,030 --> 01:21:08,719
if it's not in the presence of one of

2208
01:21:12,870 --> 01:21:11,040
these paramagnetic substances

2209
01:21:14,310 --> 01:21:12,880
now i don't want to give the impression

2210
01:21:17,510 --> 01:21:14,320
that we understand everything there is

2211
01:21:19,590 --> 01:21:17,520
to know about opr's because in fact the

2212
01:21:22,390 --> 01:21:19,600
exact interpretation of the opr is still

2213
01:21:25,189 --> 01:21:22,400
controversial we don't really know

2214
01:21:28,709 --> 01:21:25,199
based on laboratory measurements

2215
01:21:30,550 --> 01:21:28,719
how long the conversion time is yet we

2216
01:21:32,550 --> 01:21:30,560
do see this and when we look at two

2217
01:21:33,990 --> 01:21:32,560
dissimilar species

2218
01:21:36,470 --> 01:21:34,000
for example

2219
01:21:38,550 --> 01:21:36,480
kawakita

2220
01:21:39,830 --> 01:21:38,560
has looked at the spin temperature in

2221
01:21:42,390 --> 01:21:39,840
ammonia

2222
01:21:44,229 --> 01:21:42,400
and he finds that if you say for water

2223
01:21:47,750 --> 01:21:44,239
he does can do water as well but say you

2224
01:21:48,950 --> 01:21:47,760
do water it has an opr of maybe 2.4

2225
01:21:51,270 --> 01:21:48,960
ammonia

2226
01:21:53,669 --> 01:21:51,280
are of 1.0

2227
01:21:55,990 --> 01:21:53,679
very different but when you can convert

2228
01:21:57,270 --> 01:21:56,000
that to a spin temperature they are the

2229
01:21:58,870 --> 01:21:57,280
same

2230
01:22:01,750 --> 01:21:58,880
so that's telling you that these two

2231
01:22:03,830 --> 01:22:01,760
molecules have experienced the same

2232
01:22:05,910 --> 01:22:03,840
physics the same

2233
01:22:07,030 --> 01:22:05,920
if you like boltzmann physics that has

2234
01:22:09,830 --> 01:22:07,040
set their

2235
01:22:11,830 --> 01:22:09,840
spin ratios at their respective values

2236
01:22:13,110 --> 01:22:11,840
characteristic of that common

2237
01:22:14,790 --> 01:22:13,120
temperature

2238
01:22:17,590 --> 01:22:14,800
and that's a very strong line of

2239
01:22:20,070 --> 01:22:17,600
evidence we're now pursuing uh

2240
01:22:21,990 --> 01:22:20,080
methane uh as are others

2241
01:22:24,629 --> 01:22:22,000
uh we want to do this for ethane as well

2242
01:22:26,870 --> 01:22:24,639
and other hydrocarbons like formaldehyde

2243
01:22:28,070 --> 01:22:26,880
and mike desantis pursuing that for

2244
01:22:30,229 --> 01:22:28,080
example

2245
01:22:32,310 --> 01:22:30,239
and so on so we think this is a very

2246
01:22:34,390 --> 01:22:32,320
important uh

2247
01:22:36,950 --> 01:22:34,400
cosmogonic parameter and we want to

2248
01:22:38,629 --> 01:22:36,960
fully exploit it and as uh has

2249
01:22:40,390 --> 01:22:38,639
instrumentation improves and more time

2250
01:22:43,590 --> 01:22:40,400
is available to telescopes so we are in

2251
01:22:46,470 --> 01:22:45,189
in fact that's very reassuring i think

2252
01:22:48,310 --> 01:22:46,480
the other nice thing about is it

2253
01:22:49,669 --> 01:22:48,320
provides i think the best estimate we

2254
01:22:51,430 --> 01:22:49,679
have for mid plane temperatures in

2255
01:22:52,870 --> 01:22:51,440
regions where the comets form so for

2256
01:22:57,189 --> 01:22:52,880
theorists like me it's great stuff to

2257
01:23:01,910 --> 01:22:59,830
okay one last opportunity to ask mike

2258
01:23:03,430 --> 01:23:01,920
any remaining questions

2259
01:23:05,270 --> 01:23:03,440
and i'm sure you can pursue things with

2260
01:23:07,510 --> 01:23:05,280
him offline

2261
01:23:13,750 --> 01:23:07,520
and if not mike thank you again for a

2262
01:23:18,229 --> 01:23:16,149
thank you as well thank you as well to

2263
01:23:19,990 --> 01:23:18,239
everyone who was uh still hanging in

2264
01:23:22,229 --> 01:23:20,000
there with us 90 minutes after we

2265
01:23:23,830 --> 01:23:22,239
started uh remember that on monday of

2266
01:23:26,149 --> 01:23:23,840
next week we'll be hearing from roger

2267
01:23:28,550 --> 01:23:26,159
summons and on wednesday of next week

2268
01:23:31,030 --> 01:23:28,560
from karen meach for the mit and hawaii